今日下午3：30贾陆英老师《论语》问答录在老秘网QQ群“重温经典读书会”准时开讲。本期学习讨论《论语》为政篇第1章，网友们的参与热情高涨。老猫出差刚回，现整理如下：
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">今天下午，我们学习讨论《论语》为政篇第% Q1 |- s4 w8 N3 e0 G; w
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: t# H' Q) s" l' bmso-font-kerning:0pt">子曰：! @, o0 v, s! T4 T5 b7 j& Gmso-font-kerning:0pt">"8 a7 h# m$ i5 f* S% A5 n
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">为政以德，譬如北辰，居其所而众星共之。1 H3 G8 w. F" Z1 Lcolor:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">"
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">北辰：指北极星。所：处所、位置。共：同拱，环绕。比喻众多的人簇拥着一个被他们尊敬的人，或许多东西围绕着一个中心。! l% o7 W! ~2 h5 b. ^' f- Q$ w$ Q _mso-font-kerning:0pt">
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">孔子说：& ]/ |- a: \3 F% b2 k& t3 X$ o
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+ @9 I. j7 r6 }" w M6 S0 jmso-font-kerning:0pt">靠高尚的品德来施政，这样的为政者好比是北极星，居于自己的位置上，众多的星星都环绕着它。+ ^- X o- f1 L( qmso-font-kerning:0pt">”
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8 b b% ~; H' k( r& PTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">答：孔子以北辰居其中而众星环绕作比喻，深刻揭示了具有高尚品德对于为政者的重要性，具体、形象、生动地表达了孔子的德治思想。当时，在如何治理国家的问题上，主要有两种主张：其一是依靠政令刑法，强制百姓服从；其二是通过道德教化，引导百姓走上正道。孔子主张后者，强调为政者首先要以自己高尚的品德为榜样，尔后才能教化、影响、引导民众。7 j9 M7 u* w& e- U, {, S9 |% qmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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' [- k F: _" v7 o! k" STahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">以政令刑法，民治而心不服，以礼仪道德，民治而心服8 P. V' I6 F; d. T* L
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7 u( Q" f6 r: A; N9 \, ?. HTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">仁政具体指的是什么？道德层面的东西我觉得都太虚了，没有一个标准。同志们认为呢# V& I3 c% y& z3 s( j
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">德是孔子所说的君子之道吗？孔子的人性不分善恶，他信奉有教无类。我认为是孔子信奉的是德治礼治，而不是德治法治，儒法结合是后人的创新2 X! {. m0 e8 ~- _' V
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# @/ i# n2 @: L; Q4 j: KTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">儒家法家绝对是治国两大法宝，是不是有说内法外王。希望依靠道德来治理国家。道德高尚至极只能是圣人，而不是君王。君王要有仁爱之心，但不能妄想通过道德来治理国家吧。干部要清明、清廉、清白2 b* d) { T2 |, k
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, U; x/ Z6 }2 R5 w9 z* T4 gTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">贾老师，学生认为：政令刑罚、道德教化二者不可偏其一，无道德教化，民暴而戾，无政令刑罚，民散而慢。总而言之，应用儒家思想来做人，用发家思想来做事，这也符合我们的辩证法思想。儒法相结合不是从以往执政者所言的外儒内法。应该是在去除封建统治者为维护统治所宣扬的糟粕基础上，留下儒家所宣扬的大仁、大爱的思想，在结合现代化的法制、民主的精神，才是真正的儒法结合。一味从古，不如不学5 b7 x% W, a C" v" V! B
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">现在不是都在强调以民为本，为人民服务么+ E+ o# N! I3 \- M2 I( _3 y; pmso-font-kerning:0pt">——. L6 X o7 Q, t, ]7 ~5 i
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8 W3 v `1 J# T. rmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">这一思想的文化渊源，就是德治、仁政思想。德是孔子所说的君子之道吗？8 b; [2 t& ]% u4 O- r7 U+ b
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是的。为政者之德，还要突出以身作则，正人先正己，为下属作出表率。% G* p" Y: _ i+ m7 _0pt"> / z$ L# D$ m& b1 F$ q" _4 E
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9 F3 W6 X9 m% T4 V% w1 j+ `" Emso-font-kerning:0pt">“贾老师，学生认为：政令刑罚、道德教化二者不可偏其一，无道德教化，民暴而戾，无政令刑罚，民散而慢。总而言之，应用儒家思想来做人，用发家思想来做事，这也符合我们的辩证法思想”) L6 H: P& q# X( N* mmso-font-kerning:0pt">—— d. H2 ]9 L' d! E" }! T6 U8 Z1 xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;: l# S7 M0 ?. b& e' c4 N+ A
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">基本赞同。孔子所说9 a3 m2 F% D+ p$ t3 wmso-font-kerning:0pt">"' O6 m! M) [; [
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">本身就包含着德治与法治相结合的观点。' ~" G0 V; K" H$ `3 ?
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">以礼仪道德，民治而心服3 r+ {2 d% d ?9 H8 M% ^& w0pt"> 6 ~- w* l) A7 f8 B! Ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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* X! Q9 l, H) m3 Y6 jmso-font-kerning:0pt">人性本恶。人性本善，礼仪道德，天下大和。人性本恶，礼仪道德，与虎谋皮啊5 k& L# y3 [: }9 C# _8 dmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">政令刑法重在社会上的约束，讲究实效，不遵守即被处罚，道德教化重在精神上、舆论上的约束，不遵守会被谴责和孤立，但不是收到立竿见影的实质处罚9 V: ? q+ \5 V4 J$ I, Rmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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( |2 a9 {& L# }; iTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">我认为国治才能民安，所以教化没人人外儒是必要的，每个人也都有义务做到外儒！民安后如何能够实现久安呢？这就需要内法的作用啦！& `1 C/ M. z& [( ^: Q! B6 ~mso-font-kerning:0pt">
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5 j8 n- e% m; t5 n; @Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">我觉得现在很多人被大众观念里的道德观绑架了，就出现了所谓的装和假, Q5 Q h5 h" X- }, B6 imso-font-kerning:0pt">
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">儒学是以伦理道德思想为特质的观念体系，这是它区别于世界上其他文明的显著特征之一。儒学是以礼乐文明为中心的文化系统，这是它区别于世界上其他文明的又一显著特征。现在确有一些人认为，道德修养方面的问题是9 S5 C- A5 t P+ k/ N/ h9 n( Dmso-font-kerning:0pt">“) [" q, q6 _! ]* [# b% c9 zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma; P7 V* t& |% `$ ~
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_4 ^1 w, o# q9 L lmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，没有必要小题大做。这种认识是十分错误和有害的。, s! ]) V& |6 ~, W! }" q0 y2 w6 q3 O
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& n% R4 A8 y0 n( o6 jmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">千里之堤，溃于蚁穴" D3 O* _6 h. P$ G2 K: `; G
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4 F1 q& ^$ d5 A* s( o6 ?" J) Smso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，少数人走上违法犯罪道路，往往是从道德品质上出问题开始的。没有职业操守，就不可能做到爱岗敬业。我们培养敬业精神，一定要紧紧抓住加强道德修养这个重点。
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& A' I- c, M/ w2 Z$ OTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">如果一个国家仅仅依靠法治来获得长治久安，这样的安既不是真正的安，也不是长久安，只有人民懂得礼义廉耻，知道为什么要采取法律的约束，懂得法治的观念，才能获得真正的治。当年斯大林可谓利用政令无所不用其极了，等到逝世，立刻反弹; z0 d4 J( e4 f, Q/ D A" Y: n0 rmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">中央从当前领导班子和干部队伍建设的实际出发，突出强调选拔任用干部要坚持德才兼备、以德为先的标准。这一标准既强调了德与才缺一不可，又突出了德的主导作用，强调选人用人要坚持以德为前提、以德为基础、以德为先决条件。干部一旦失去9 s. S# I) f; k' Z+ C! fmso-font-kerning:0pt">“% P) b$ z" v: {1 j* H0 Y0 O+ [; dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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) ?; D' k- d: j4 z/ Mmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就失去了被提拔重用的基本资格。大家一定要深刻领会，并以此作为自己成长进步的正确导向。在当前新形势下，干部的德主要体现在哪些方面呢？一是有坚定的理想信念，这样才能在任何时候、任何环境中，都站在党和人民的立场上想问题、办事情。二是坚持执政为民，这样才能真正做到为民用权、为民谋利、为民守责。三是作风清正廉洁，这样才能堂堂正正做人，干干净净干事，得到群众拥护。我国古代思想家都强调为官从政要以修身为本、正己为先。要成为一名合格的国家公务员，就应当有自觉高尚的道德追求，养成良好的职业操守，敬业奉献，全心全意地服务于国家、社会和人民。6 `/ I2 m" z5 H+ _' \8 t" W# @mso-font-kerning:0pt">
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+ d7 `5 h3 P0 D; J" R% @. ^. ATahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">搞文字出身的，可以说是最正统的夫子门徒，他的思想和做法，包括杀少正卯的儒法兼施做法，我都是十分赞同的，也希望社会今后采取这种治理模式。不过，谁会用？外来的和尚会念经啊。我们是秘书啊。这几天常看到一句话，一看到我就怄气想吐血，这句话叫做：身在兵位，胸为帅谋！兄弟，我是秘书，年纪比领导小，资历比领导浅，阅历没有领导丰富，情况没有领导掌握的多，上头的意图不知道，业务活动不能参加，我能够为领导谋到领导如意，哥哥，那在这种情况下我搞出来的东西能够让领导满意，那我不是神童就是领导肚子里的蛔虫了！我真有这本事，我还来伺候你这个本事不如我的，我下海去了！我赞成夫子的：道不行% w$ j R+ S! A
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: [8 |/ ]7 A3 w9 ?' q; A8 Xmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">乘槎浮于海；孟子的：穷则独善其身，达则兼济天下。我不信运动式的说教能够让既得利益者提高自身的修养。! L: \0 `+ u# G) j( u( g# Omso-font-kerning:0pt">
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">孔子的继承人荀子，明确提出了9 I" b0 A. G3 O. v0pt">“) V t0 L( N8 S5 j5 {- ]- `
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: s. `2 x2 C, Jmso-font-kerning:0pt">的主张，为我们今天坚持依法治国与以德治国相结合，提供了重要的历史借鉴。青年时期是形成良好思想道德品质的关键时期。尤其是在改革开放和发展社会主义市场经济的条件下，在世界范围各种思想文化交流、交融、交锋更加频繁的情况下，处在人生起步阶段的青年，更要注重培养优良品德，解决好立身做人的问题，为报效祖国、服务人民、奉献社会奠定坚实的思想道德基础。- ?. Y1 e( q0 omso-font-kerning:0pt">
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1 u( I' C2 f, e- G4 bTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">荀子发展了孔子的人性说，认为人性本恶，故赞扬礼法结合。孔子说：德之不修，是吾忧也。今人，多不修德之辈。建议今人多学论语！在其位，谋其政，为人谋而尽忠，人之本色也！这是德，工作上有本事，那是才！* N$ k+ }' b/ @! m( ^# c9 Qmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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) W" _. B7 h) R, [; A& ^4 }mso-font-kerning:0pt">第二个问题，要处理好义与利的关系。( U1 F1 @! m. A# C- S* S# S. i! O
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* x9 U0 O4 H6 o9 p) eTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">孔子在距今两千五百余年提出其理论，两千五百年后来看自然有其局限性！但我们要看到他先进性的一面，继承和发展其先进性的一面，才对我们现实生活更有价值！则其善者而从之: ~* r3 O& K- d* a! l5 @: _mso-font-kerning:0pt">
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">三会一课，近十几年运动式的人人过关，党员教育做了很多工作啊！
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$ X% E& k/ T- x6 h/ k) Y, cTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">身在兵位，胸为帅谋！兄弟，我是秘书，年纪比领导小，资历比领导浅，阅历没有领导丰富，情况没有领导掌握的多，上头的意图不知道，业务活动不能参加，我能够为领导谋到领导如意，哥哥，那在这种情况下我搞出来的东西能够让领导满意，那我不是神童就是领导肚子里的蛔虫了！我真有这本事，我还来伺候你这个本事不如我的，我下海去了！4 U1 N! o, |, o" {" u* smso-font-kerning:0pt">——7 a o) | b1 M, j: ^( P
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8 q+ n, n$ {6 |; cmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《荀子 ?; A/ P5 T3 k; c1 x4 f( O
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9 j6 ^: [" v; \$ pTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">古人认为，地震的产生是因为地气的郁结，民众有怨气被压制，所以沉郁底下，形成地震，当然，比较说法唯心，大家就当一笑而过。法治是根本，德治是补充, j) a% i8 ?- V4 h U% v1 omso-font-kerning:0pt">——1 ?! `1 k+ j- ]6 B5 N# U' Ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;# J4 z$ P9 [# h6 P
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">不太赞同，德治是目的，教人向善才是政府的目的，而不能当成一种手段。儒家应该是更看重德的方面，法家才看重法的因素，说到荀子，我个人觉得他不是个纯粹意义上的儒家，精纯度不如孟子。孟子才是孔子的真正继承者，荀子的弟子多是法家代表，说不受他影响不太可能3 O& b9 ?1 z P8 O5 _& Omso-font-kerning:0pt">
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">法治是根本，德治是补充3 _7 w4 R& G$ n, g4 M0 {0 ]" X" u
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* U' R; ?! K/ y( N! OTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">世风日下，中国人多学习孔子的、孟子、荀子的思想对提升国人的素质是大有裨益的' ~9 f- y3 n+ x* c u0 {. qmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">隆礼重法，相互补充( Y- Q G! E( n- o# p J( H: K0 @
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4 _. s8 T H' M* w: {Tahoma;color:#006EFE;mso-font-kerning:0pt">新手：. Y, s, d4 h" M4 t" ^8 R
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% I) {. k" [. P( U- { PTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">再好的法，也要人来执行。过去有人批吕日周，现在有人说仇和的怪话，我倒觉得，千人之诺诺，不如一士之谔谔。 L" X7 t- v6 j2 r( D Y
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">当文字秘书，必须具备身在兵位，胸为帅谋的自觉性，这是其一。其二，必须具备较高的悟性，善于学习上级方针政策，善于领会领导意图，善于掌握基层实际情况。其三，要有较高的理论和文字功底。否则，还是改行的好。2 ?9 W5 b; }& P
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0 n4 z' l$ O, [" bTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">个人观点：现代社会的整体框架应以现代法治和民主为基础，德治伦理应作为法治不及处之补充，法乃与国家而言，德乃与个人而言。: b7 T4 z' x& m6 v4 W
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">法制是必须的，维护统治者的利益，德治是教化，是辅助法制的，利于法治的推行。$ s, ?1 n3 q5 E" Lmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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3 D- U; ]! s3 P; c- U5 Q5 zTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">秘书也要有德：想领导之所想、忧领导之所忧，是根本要求。$ u# q6 \& J$ Z0 X8 v( z; Q$ U
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mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;mso-bidi-font-family:. _. n4 A' a p( P5 \) W
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1 [( ?/ c3 }1 ?mso-font-kerning:0pt">法治与德治，不是根本与补充的关系，两者都是根本性的治国手段。0 m& Z y2 E; B" U4 U9 _* _4 ?
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1 o: G4 c5 T5 J9 O4 u) s# N: z" p& I& VTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">荀子按照知识结构而言当属杂家，按照主要贡献来说当属儒家！
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: v0 i$ G f5 |" C9 cTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">法乃与国家而言，德乃与个人而言。7 s7 s/ k4 B+ t
mso-font-kerning:0pt">——- u( ^: Y( n* Hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
* B1 L* g" m; vmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">这个观点也值得商榷。习总最近说：人无德不立，国无德不兴。德绝非仅仅是个人之事，而是关系一个国家治国方略的大事。古代中国被称为礼仪之邦，就突显了德治的治国方略。7 O; w: \+ R$ I: y, y0 r) W
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">我举一例，扶老太太，就用这个案例来说一说德治和法治结合吧？怎么能让国人敢扶起老太太。不然，应该很多人想去扶。不敢扶是因为无法，不是因为无德' g! L: C1 @5 f: z+ tmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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7 m& [5 k: ?5 N/ B0 s! e QTahoma;color:#006EFE;mso-font-kerning:0pt">破风弃俗：( S- S6 r: D4 o; [
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">贾老所言有理，但是您说的国之德的内涵应该是什么呢？国之法我认为应该是契约精神，这应该是主流$ h* t1 P& T7 ]0 Ymso-font-kerning:0pt">
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Tahoma;color:#006EFE;mso-font-kerning:0pt">无心随风：) ^; [+ [. f5 V& Q
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">不敢扶是因为无法，不是因为无德7 H" @) }- A J4 w6 ?
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2 X; E5 |0 Q" ~0 u# Q4 J! Rmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">太推崇法治了。可以扶，可以不扶，怎么选择，是德的修养，不是法的欠缺。德政礼治，需要全社会共同推进，不仅仅是执政者的修养。秀才遇见兵怎么办？6 e0 ]' _! j. o8 p. Fmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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$ M* a' L9 \9 M- y. R. x& qmso-font-kerning:0pt">礼' f5 h; N% b. ^
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">法( x. h: e" R# Q! m; [6 zfont-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">”$ s# [4 @1 F# \: hmso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;% Z3 M2 d F) U {
mso-font-kerning:0pt">的关系上，荀子继承孔子的观点，认为礼是高于法的。. g0 l5 c1 \, W6 i [( C) ] ?1 R0pt">——; H4 a' G4 J$ U8 A2 F2 gTahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;) C* I5 N. D1 t7 \2 X$ Q3 v2 o6 g
mso-font-kerning:0pt">这就奠定了他作为儒家继承人的地位。后世一些儒者不承认这一点，有点门户之见。荀子处战国后期，百家争鸣时代，吸收道、法等各家学术观点，不奇怪，也是儒学发展之必要，必然。国之德的内涵应该是什么呢？- w6 d2 x. D" Y- e# L5 b
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6 v' }+ W; k) [7 |mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">其内涵具有时代性。当今时代，就是社会主义核心价值体系。其具体化为社会主义核心价值观。十八大报告有表述。十八大报告用/ j% `# Q0 b9 Y& I) z/ W# }mso-font-kerning:0pt">“# F- [( U& V! ~4 i; Z3 _4 ~% Efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;3 [, p) _' d+ F0 N# `
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">三个倡导6 n, M3 a) ?0 H8 { r- g" o8 qmso-font-kerning:0pt">”( _; t B9 y% i+ R/ @font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
0 o: h" n2 @( T' a/ bmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">表述了社会主义核心价值观。在国家层面，倡导: N7 D" l& O! }0 P& a" b8 e1 y6 w z
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9 h! M4 t' m5 u# p5 j/ N1 Vmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">富强、民主、文明、和谐- C$ v: l5 i/ C
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">个字，是到本世纪中叶建设社会主义现代化国家的发展目标，已经写入党章和宪法，反映了党、国家和人民的共同意志和中华民族伟大复兴的光明愿景，是国家主导价值观，在核心价值观中居于统领地位；在社会层面，倡导- _8 p8 p. I( O* H: l
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5 ]" J; t- d: f2 A) N0 }7 P$ _; a9 Kmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">爱国、敬业、诚信、友善% `$ H0 F6 J5 L n/ g) a, Z
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- e+ ^/ Y0 P7 U1 f$ ]; Nmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">的道理。这可以作为今天的总结。* H* T4 D# ]/ S4 m: Smso-font-kerning:0pt">“5 H* K( I; j9 `9 T% j$ Ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;# n* X; _. [( B0 X! l& g2 B
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( V6 K' T# J9 O& T2 U. O- Smso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是基础，/ U1 S' ~ _, U% |' D0 T! h
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+ }6 p: w8 j/ H0 Omso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是上层建筑。; \- B$ ^3 L a# j8 q3 Amso-font-kerning:0pt">——! ]" U) Y& i0 n* h) p* p0 C9 N
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">德与法都属上层建筑。法是政治制度上层建筑。德是思想领域上层建筑。希望大家在学习党的基本理论方面，多下功夫，坚持数年，必有好处。再见，谢谢。6 Q. A- W# S* j& g. x" D! f# d) f
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