' \$ H6 O! W- E: Amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, 8 ?! u/ {! a/ w" S2 p
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, 0 F) X6 y8 C( X* u5 Q/ A: L2 q6 @
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ [6 Q5 X- q3 D! \, J
"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, % F* {* a2 G: g& k+ W宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,7 b7 {; |$ q& L
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:6 }- W) N& {8 g8 o
"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。
$ _0 p. B* d) v- A$ n! h3 U0 d% v S6 M% X& R7 U' e' l' {. u
; H% m" P7 l3 R1 Q1 kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, ! m7 I8 O4 @2 h6 N5 x. S5 F0 V9 e' ^宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, # ~) Y9 a9 r4 [0 M5 v# w4 b; p2 afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题,
2 h. ?' K4 f; H6 c9 k8 F
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, - S' \, j& z6 @( X3 M4 E9 d2 ]$ H宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, ' r0 n% A: ~3 b8 ^3 N+ l1 X
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& S* s @ }% I Q; H4 K
"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, + J, W( y! G/ a+ P7 G& d% ~3 O2 lmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, 0 G6 g# D' w5 H6 N# o- g
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。
# F& a) j7 T# e# b8 _3 ?8 d) Q- n/ ]9 n
8 {& I; l& r2 a* J宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因,8 U8 u. T y9 \' @& A3 Y
6 F$ a2 T4 ^) \9 sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构
. ~/ m" B, C/ w9 _1 |. m; \. e
# Q( |7 y' t/ N2 {* J, {
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, - @6 n0 ^+ _' Q+ W宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ ; \9 E3 a3 e& K0 `! {( G+ V# _宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” @5 P* B a. s
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ : ]1 s/ M4 V. b1 R! @3 T9 }- _
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” 2 P9 W* o+ L1 J8 C# R9 K# V
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, , Y! @4 [. m- ^: x1 c3 Q* Qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">前者为因, 3 Z2 M! s- B5 G( I) K
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, , I; s7 g+ j6 q) K9 I, mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,
$ C0 z( D/ ]$ r- Q$ b4 m4 B
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, e/ T. R. e/ m1 }/ Q- c( p1 \
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, 2 c/ {2 k+ u) @" n Vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ P+ }0 j! j& _" F. x: M. a
"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, S. X$ z/ z! O% y, {2 ~宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: 1 c& s7 O; m" o7 W
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ k8 `* |- u& o+ L+ @
"Times New Roman"">“ 2 N8 f# ?7 r* @& dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? : y5 C/ M0 w' f1 D宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” 3 v; \- Q. P8 t5 `* c9 J6 D0 u/ S
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, : C5 T3 F1 T4 r( w$ y+ M6 Z+ i5 E! kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 a5 R+ ]( J4 u4 Q6 F
"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:! q& d# c% m; i1 P9 | d( b9 r
1 C! N8 v, V) W9 ^
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。
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`! I- z3 M: |9 Omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 . c' l' Z: m' n, m0 J% w/ s
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, % Z! U: \1 U% `8 A- W. `
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) T4 l) \. s: m$ g: \: W
"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,' a& @% K. @5 p0 F; m/ e
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, / p4 X6 b3 ~" t1 N Q
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, 9 ?0 X+ G( J" J7 v9 tmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7
" e" a3 B2 O8 m6 ^3 k6 ^ m
) t$ C, |* ]; E! N) k2 Emso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, " M& h2 V) _* w/ u) x8 @宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, & }* P" x2 q$ R* W2 ]
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:( k ?: V5 j& x5 m
"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, ~2 I. y; Y/ ?% @7 {mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, 0 \0 ^% A8 w! m宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, $ m" J' Q# \! w# Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ + \% f0 U0 d, }
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” 4 v$ p/ `2 P( ]3 L, V
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。
. d0 D7 @+ f0 h1 x
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宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣,$ K' |6 _0 A# O4 Y1 h6 y+ T" d, w
* r4 v: @+ X/ C4 C2 L( S$ n( c z j
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构
' H4 H+ v, @$ y' J
/ W6 G: Q7 S% c
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, * T( F3 `( a$ O8 H/ H5 V3 l* h宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, 8 P. _( z% S6 r. }, R+ |3 A1 y2 N: g
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 y- U2 \ M4 t. T) K5 q& q
"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素,
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, / }3 T: U* |* v1 c0 O8 U
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:# w! R2 z6 j5 e
"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,+ ]( X- r* @! l& c7 p6 A% U* L
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, " s R# ?+ |! {% J
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题5 B; L8 ], ^, C7 X: M
12.0pt">: ' V2 n; I4 K6 T( T
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: , r& u) I# ^; tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才& m& _( o: f* q1 l) J' m. _12.0pt">, 5 U; x( n; H. W3 U! V: F; d% I& j
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, * A" ~, n( g+ z
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:- N) x9 X9 |* e: w; G0 I
"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; + d& d+ G, g4 I# K$ l( O% [# c" N, _mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, 9 d( S5 Y, j5 a0 [2 t- y
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, # x/ I/ c) }3 [0 d& hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 i4 t8 |+ J( s: h# h" ]
"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题" R0 f) [7 ~4 T$ b, f12.0pt">; 9 m* q- e0 j4 ^. {
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, 5 f$ z2 j; l" ~- Q
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:6 d$ H% E- _$ D
"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求+ {, S# \: [; S7 L" Q12.0pt">: - x L8 B1 Z3 P0 ^" _" k
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; ! ]7 R9 p) X3 O, Q+ G; d/ e6 j
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, ! l/ X4 R# j" c! _' i: E( \4 z
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, K9 K$ }/ O5 s2 E" }, m
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, `8 w, A* n) X2 O% }5 v' X
"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统+ c v6 W. M) o7 _9 v8 @4 s \12.0pt">:
3 `7 y4 s, ^, V* o& x ! X1 j" C8 D' z- l" C
4 o" c g8 _2 Y" zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ ! T/ ]( Z% x9 H% O7 l3 C1 {3 t
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” $ S, W) C. Q% q" L+ A6 @! L宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕
i8 ]" E; H3 i" |# K
; d# R$ K5 d! ^ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">
4 V2 {8 j) r: n8 h. z0 [" p宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">
0 i# E' C' @; n, D+ b& i+ F
2 ~( M2 y m5 _# L. l: @
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总,
: W$ Z8 [5 E8 E( {3 d& _
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:! z5 G: l! z O; C, g
"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构
: @% h1 c2 t. F3 `1 F, D% d
% K, A4 P$ L+ }2 p# tmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, & I) O7 _% R3 k$ O- T% |' ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:0 v4 d: w, z4 I, e7 C2 O1 Q
"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, - T# l O& ^& @, p* H6 F* f% Z: Z
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, 7 W" d" `, O$ j; jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% S. N' K& X+ W) r/ W. J
"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,
/ v; \* U" k1 ?$ V% ~3 o8 I0 q, }5 zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, % o4 @4 O, K$ n1 A9 Yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, . `* ~' T# Z. J* Z; X g4 _mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, / k8 O$ K& G: m8 R4 i4 X4 A
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: , b7 U+ }$ [, X, t4 [font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 j: h2 J! \& E! t: d7 K& L% t, V
"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, , W! T3 V$ m4 M5 e) Wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, , H1 h3 ^% O) L1 x1 e& W( h% ^
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 R" c: s0 P# s, G
"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, ' O2 o/ `0 g" u( j' l W. }宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。
: e5 Q% E1 n5 }, l9 Z i1 bmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,, ?( H2 D [! F* T1 T6 C- f. E- Efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:' U, E' u& `6 G* N; A7 p "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定* a* |+ [# o) w% F; C 12.0pt">, 9 r! b5 g2 S$ g "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, , q3 K( D; ^1 ^% u/ k1 ~font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如: a7 A+ n9 ]. v! i) W y/ n4 cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, 7 e/ ?: Z4 U& k7 w( W7 \9 O宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, ! b& \( D" O* g5 _! ^ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, ( `0 |! M7 @7 ]! ~ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, $ C3 d: `9 B+ W0 C font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:8 r9 ]) C8 V- A; T! F" f "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: # D3 U A8 u5 t/ h 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ ; R: x* W4 R% ^$ X宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, & V+ F8 w# w! {) i font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ S/ U9 ^/ c0 x6 {* x0 a; ~ "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊
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