. S0 W4 @' Y+ `, {+ P
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, 7 ~4 r7 s: s1 [! b宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, / c6 }$ v. @- J9 X$ m: q" Ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, 0 _* \! N% s9 O" M
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,# V9 S: p: K+ L/ Y# {8 ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。
1 z; \* E; K3 y' z" c& f* ^3 \$ D
- ^1 Y. O' {, V' ~0 q
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, 5 m) ~! J O8 C1 U% \/ k宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, : t5 x9 Z0 d2 i" ?- l
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:4 Q, T$ A6 |- B" ]; j. G1 b
"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题,
4 a. \4 T& m7 i( s0 Zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, N' s0 O/ ?$ l0 O) m4 z8 o4 [* d宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, 8 q U. k: c+ Q9 u
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:6 w } J# j% r* }5 s# e; z# C9 K
"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, : K, a; }1 }( N& |: C& h5 f: e
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, 0 c _$ h" _, l! c宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。
" B% u( j$ |9 s# f8 Y3 f9 e" N 1 U( b# D& I# z& c- w- N
/ r# \; p2 y/ ] S; f6 W! ]
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因,1 T: K' X( s$ x+ @
( Y) m, j0 w9 g4 i% j
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构
$ M" g. m/ M' Pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, 4 G6 M3 \: h2 a: S, `宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ 6 l0 U9 @. y% |* C: X宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” V# v9 T, H! a4 V6 L. c" u8 H$ X宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ 1 Z- Z% V6 p3 _8 l* K: L4 i% d宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” 2 a' Z5 ]8 H# |6 V& D& b' e8 R
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, & @/ B8 a1 p6 ~" s I. mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">前者为因, 6 {/ x' w6 e& j( [mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, ) P M$ x4 o- u- r
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,, B: V* h$ \ `
2 k2 S8 `9 ~/ U# Q4 b8 X) T9 `
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, / d4 f/ g' g. f6 W: p. P1 A
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, 8 w3 q$ r# q2 l2 I' `5 Afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, " [. r! y% R) I: _2 Q- O* ]宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: 5 X7 Y3 `, b7 L. P2 Q
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">“ ' ~* M I. c! u; Y* L; V+ h
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? 5 C# O# T4 h, ^0 E+ M9 d9 a0 E, s
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” , E+ N8 {' \; G) M+ Z! w
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, + t& ~& _ {3 u, U/ }, V6 pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:9 h. A' `. t" G: l! C' c. v
"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:
7 W( P" S- L" D# M( Z' A
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。
2 N( ^& o4 I% }( s7 b3 q 8 {9 i+ i2 `+ H" L x, N
$ c9 Z: _+ ^4 j( k, E; h- Pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 # J+ i( {+ _0 P% J7 L8 ~宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, 5 x( P: \! }' ^" m3 y6 e
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& F3 v' h" {9 k1 F
"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, ; {$ z9 s% p% g( J
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, * Z3 ?# T9 r/ Z. M
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7
+ ?3 `: p$ r' u4 M " t5 ^, n8 T1 g" Y
0 d D! Q; c. I! I1 r3 A, Gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, % t2 ]& Q7 c8 c! j' e( U$ g宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, ) D* {: s* Z( i2 ]
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:! P' ~7 p/ R% l* M5 a( ? G
"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, ; w6 i8 A6 R2 Pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, * {$ Z* o R& [! q3 q6 A- y3 D宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, ' T/ Y7 L5 T) j9 K% O- [% Zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:2 j1 C! D; G" w; D d
"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ 6 G1 B# u D$ t9 t: ?" `0 z
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” ( a3 S& m# M# ]$ n* E; ?
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。
6 O! ^6 M4 }7 s, |7 n, {% Q7 \8 Z- X
% m& J6 e1 l( e0 X/ q/ X& i宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣,8 k5 j: o' S- J$ x
4 _/ O9 e3 K' hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: @& E( F! ]3 M# N
"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构
# W& s: ~8 j/ c6 w2 b' u6 b! B$ V
( @" y; x) k) z4 nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, 3 a/ `' a6 M8 ?: D1 ]
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, ; D; u# [7 E2 |8 T& l
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:. w' k) ?4 x1 J7 B" V) N; M
"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素," M: @9 k7 \0 ^6 l* u, ^. |% y
, ^% O- P5 u; V8 B* v0 x; B0 k# C" z
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, c9 X |( x5 H& S3 V& x. M+ T2 J/ {
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 c" f" n2 V% q0 ?+ v5 Y/ ]
"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,$ \9 g! a9 v0 E0 |2 L1 K) ~. i
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, ; P* h1 ^# N3 N; V& ^font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题& i3 R J, v3 j% P12.0pt">: + _0 {2 h; N9 ]! F5 o& O. w
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: # I2 X0 Z% Z: ^' P
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) j0 A; K% U9 S; J+ w
"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才- C5 f9 K+ V: ], a
12.0pt">, 5 ~# T* m9 N4 @
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, " F0 n5 |2 d- d* M# @) b7 M% Ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; . Y& u; Q5 s7 \) Z8 P
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, : I& b3 l: C# q0 ]/ t4 D/ c宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, , ?' f1 Q, q5 _ p1 L: R% {font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) A [' w o% F: x
"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题8 H5 z* p6 F$ ~$ ^- k12.0pt">; 7 X' `0 v2 h* a# d/ b8 }6 y
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, / I; T6 l4 |+ e. G' I9 X6 p
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求: h# e; d- D+ n
12.0pt">: 6 Z+ G2 e. L8 F# O" f' @, ~7 s"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; 1 c! N8 v( f. W1 ], K. Ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: f [) c2 a% |/ L* J
"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, 2 M% T1 g! }% Y' f3 A6 Lmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 5 ]0 M; ]- d2 T: ~3 K3 Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统3 P* \9 D0 O5 f2 w& Z1 S5 O( [" n; E) B12.0pt">:
4 W3 _6 p9 k6 H- t
A" {' H% x8 _" u3 \4 `mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ 4 L# k! C( X6 T' _
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” ' E/ k7 j1 l, {% z/ f* C$ O8 E' `
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕
" W% b& D: [5 }2 s+ kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">
4 o3 D1 z) V- p, O: E) M# }宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">
! ^# z4 t% v9 |
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总,0 L; K6 |6 b0 q- G% Y
% b2 `* Z3 ^1 L3 c5 {$ H( ~! jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构
1 n% `; D3 O1 _mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, P6 \8 G5 k; m) Y
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, 6 _' O: S/ a0 h" G宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, 5 s: |: m9 p4 u1 u
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,; C2 V9 t/ _) m6 a1 r
5 d5 i- Y1 [$ f
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, 5 [- U0 Q/ ^' _7 H4 X2 b+ j9 Hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, ' C* C& o: m8 H& z7 w; {. |mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, - E9 }# x% q; }7 ~' L( y5 a宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: * J! H; z" e' w1 A& W' j
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& @9 _( L/ ~# C4 ?
"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, # _- C8 I6 T4 T( h- o- V5 _# E- l/ @mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, 3 B! g I2 K% M8 V& ]0 \0 |* ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:. z& ]+ m: O6 u. m9 H, d2 V
"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, / C. O1 n0 t) j3 {6 c* y
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。
; ~1 }7 l1 _" U' T" Smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,3 S; v, P0 L4 ^* B/ y2 _font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ i/ I* ~( a6 u R( | "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定2 T" F3 V. h& B& w' F* t1 X7 ?12.0pt">, ' _* o( [7 z, f- R' d. J9 J"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, : g8 R u% j" @5 |: ?4 E/ U font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 N3 p9 N. } b, a; U6 a1 W "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:1 n% r: g8 A5 W9 b3 Z2 ~# ~% Z5 Mmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, 7 u, a# X8 {' u 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, 7 P) U( G% [/ a9 K8 x" ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, U- d# @4 K/ d mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, / U* E; N% W6 Q3 @# h% G; |+ d: b6 d# Ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:9 {/ a5 A( b4 g+ j* V8 z$ c1 @ "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: # w9 Y% j( S7 @# Z% g3 I, |0 e宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ 8 k& a% J# ?( u! Z0 |+ E 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, ) ~2 {; j' \* \1 N t0 cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:. D/ s0 ~( |+ k8 f, q! ?% P# l( P "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊
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