0 y; I2 A6 P0 y/ n) j, n) \mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, 3 ^+ r% t) N; I' \2 D2 J宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, 3 B+ z2 q8 Y( S( T3 i
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ b' X: @# X+ b( T5 ~+ H4 K
"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, - V5 u" E: r) Y$ y/ U宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,( U; L ]% j$ Y( p. h% ~$ K! X
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: b+ d Q3 A5 i/ t3 g* d& r( f
"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。
; Y+ v8 W- R2 u0 tmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, 0 c" G- Z$ [8 H g
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, 1 W" h! b0 x, x4 W$ V9 Efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:0 P4 I- ?" v) z: X: ~. A5 Q
"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题,
7 j! V+ n+ s6 U4 ^9 m
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, 6 j! A0 U$ }* i& W0 O宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, ( s8 u/ _ U6 V7 d6 f6 F/ w7 Z
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& J1 f# C5 m! B6 v+ z8 k
"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, 9 c$ Y' q# \$ s# Fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, 3 N" D, o' a; Q
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。
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宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因,- H- U: _* q3 d1 C; a
! \" F' E; S _4 g
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构
0 [8 t0 h+ d( j. F# {
; R J. e% l; v& cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, $ h1 H7 z7 S2 b宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ 0 c" x5 o4 F- F宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” 2 Z+ d" [- Q P- h# } ]
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ ) [+ P4 }+ f4 F9 D& y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” 3 X( }$ l" u' N; S
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, . Q/ i9 R# d- ^( w9 }font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ ~) p. b8 w; r" U) t. @. D" a
"Times New Roman"">前者为因, , n5 @% `9 J$ @0 H. [mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, ) }) i0 E9 m' O: s
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,
$ b! l0 ?5 R7 }mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, 3 e+ }; [4 T t8 e9 A6 m宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, ; s' I+ }9 H0 _% n( u9 z3 O
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, % U4 E% d0 g( X
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: " h6 f0 m! @+ yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">“ u( A: w6 K! h# T( X/ cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? + C. w% c# m( ~) w* o# v: C! C宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” 0 g5 I4 U: D* I9 E# J宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, & \% A- a, j( l4 ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 0 B- z0 V& V9 d! ]" Y/ d& J) ?
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, 6 J8 ]2 Q% u: ]# h; Bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ d; b1 i( T o/ `2 Z+ z- ^) g8 n
"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,2 ] k- @* D* @2 w
' |2 C2 U* ^- \9 [( X2 z9 }mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, 4 n" N2 N( Y1 G! }9 X! y3 e
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:8 ?/ J# ~8 p5 P3 D1 K* e
"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, & y: o7 t F0 L- wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7
; c) I# r' h7 O1 L$ z3 B9 I% ?; e
0 J) _5 ?0 o1 {& Y$ I, e* Kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, 3 w2 K8 g3 o# }
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, 2 W% Z1 J4 G0 q& c4 a6 I3 Hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:( G6 \; U' h# ] U) e
"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 8 u0 e+ J: j4 Y) j% T# v, B6 i& o
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, 8 B& Y& | N2 H$ O
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, . L/ z) b' d& u, N- ^! o3 s! U( `# pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: F' K( P1 M1 b# o
"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ 7 K( y8 ?) ?7 s$ V: S; {1 o
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” 1 u. z8 u1 q( }: q' o宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。
% d+ l6 I. s8 F宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣,
* f3 ^9 r+ r. A: ^" [. X2 jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构
: y* C* L$ P" R7 p, ]mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, ( r9 k, K6 f( ?" m' j宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, * e' T. e3 i2 A: a' L# ^font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& T4 T+ t/ P& `1 T4 N
"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素,
6 L& d8 q+ T, ]8 Tmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, # A# N+ H$ Z2 l4 k
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:* k8 o3 N; z0 Q( z7 G: x
"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,+ U9 i- R: B, U! w2 A
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, $ e4 c# s: a* _0 f u# s- wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题) B' q+ E+ |0 ?8 T5 |12.0pt">: 4 }" b% z I+ t! ~9 p"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: , c+ z) S/ n+ n
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: M) b, k, j3 e# k. m* S* ?
"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才$ ^9 D+ r( ^! [1 G12.0pt">, % |/ z) ?. X# x D"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, : ~: `: f, u3 a- [0 O' t* [ C) {% N
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; 7 W4 L+ x4 ]0 P' Y- F. f. Z6 imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, 4 @* g5 n+ y9 L3 b& [' I# T. r宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, 5 {0 c+ ^2 m3 b! g' n2 T% ~" t
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:. t( i6 F; \3 U6 M6 c
"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题' E! L S) |( X4 C9 Q# H7 @
12.0pt">; S! |& I1 o' ?2 i"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, * g1 _9 {% U6 i( X0 ^: b/ A1 M
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求' f* m7 e7 k/ h( P9 b b! ^12.0pt">: : k3 L) O; B. y& n& S2 `* s
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; , A3 ?" G9 d2 Z" X* W
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, * I! @- O8 X* \
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 0 `5 s: W& x5 x, O
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& d k6 ]/ q: O4 O# d
"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统- U2 Z q4 w- D
12.0pt">:
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! g5 j0 E, Z- Omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ % @ R0 t* h$ k' t' R宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” , }+ a* Z9 B, q: K3 b; E# @& ]宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕
1 U/ b4 C. N" x) W" E mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">
& R0 ^% r6 Q4 [) t$ Y+ j6 G3 Y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">
' g2 q0 ~; R3 Z4 F) d O# {- v 5 L3 y; E% {; A
* G: I" X2 s, J! ~" J# A1 [宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, V0 p6 ^) S! I6 E& q1 w7 W% s+ j
2 r( |0 r3 o9 L0 @& |+ {- K/ q
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ f( X/ ~' Z( F) |
"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构
# D3 n4 x$ A. O: J$ X
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, 3 ~! l) A! j: H1 k& ]2 Vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, + W4 O4 y: o- W
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, }; j/ ~( C5 k2 y! q& K
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:- |+ J# ^; Y) M3 A7 [* B0 W
"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,, r1 I/ U6 j' O
/ h9 q. ?$ n1 K1 t i( @
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, 3 V0 }' Z r+ b7 Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, - y2 P1 {' l, A. v8 P# D$ p- a% Umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, 9 p0 I4 P0 O( I. d宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: : G ^& I+ n* E1 x( h" c
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, 0 B% ?2 _; J- nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, 7 K4 B7 T" {% m5 |3 Kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, # T$ n+ P$ [$ _+ F- ]宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。
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1 ^5 H/ A2 C# t* \7 m* H) a mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上, Y9 J6 \7 h+ ?8 g( K# f% E4 @font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, ^! i: ^0 M9 [' D1 ` "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定( p1 u. J2 h3 T1 F0 ]6 q 12.0pt">, 9 B6 f, u5 Z! t5 j9 u "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, & s; l4 ]( [8 I. q+ ?5 S font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:" U4 J9 E) J4 K2 } d "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:* T# y- j% ~3 e A8 B" Nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, # t% e2 o9 D1 h 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, # G0 F7 k1 m( F" \* \ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:0 W$ h1 r; w- b! J6 h/ t "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, 9 k5 P5 n! O! dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, $ K' w* ^0 x' s4 t, g: Efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: * K! \8 m1 q; ]8 r宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ & I+ g z+ Z% y 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, 0 I' A% K' V0 ]9 X0 R8 x4 C font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ k0 K- t2 c; K6 N6 s "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊
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