4 F- k2 `. l) u! tmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, , j4 D) p5 M& A% {) }. `4 [" i: \宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, + Y2 }! I+ g, g1 n
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, 8 P( U; X. R4 h2 K宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,: Q+ q6 q$ I, Q5 Z
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。
* e' F8 H- y$ ?) u * K) ?( P; w- A! W. c9 W k4 u* U
, [7 k6 i" ~/ u, b( p! Y/ imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, / `3 \5 d3 V- e( E1 y U) }
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, % E- ]0 l8 Z+ A3 @6 K/ H' ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 C( q1 c j. y1 k4 f
"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题,
3 A5 K3 N! K5 Q6 O" g- {" n' Gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, + t4 j. t8 g0 @, w. P宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, " l# E, U) d+ V4 k' O
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, 2 S( ~ v2 d4 G7 P* H8 b Hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, % f, a1 j$ [. j+ {/ ]宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。
# i) w' v5 P4 V# c7 p1 f3 ^
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因,
% ~3 D K8 |1 _3 D4 Z$ k4 I7 M
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构
- E* p, Z! z [ E% Z( Q; j
: ^/ j0 N7 t+ g
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, 3 w+ Z, D: v2 w宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ 0 V7 j/ ^3 {9 u
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” " y. e u# x- s. t9 @+ n; Y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ , z& r& D. I2 x. y6 t7 F
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” + I: V+ l6 v0 Z' b6 v5 A宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, - ]; B) q6 I; U; Afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:1 W# G. M3 N4 b, U O
"Times New Roman"">前者为因, 8 C7 Q8 c) r) [0 D* l8 zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, $ J5 K' K! j k, |" ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,
z$ B# G9 V; M# _" o" Hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, 2 |, K4 Q0 {; Q9 I
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, 9 R+ W1 T0 y6 k* D# H5 y- w# ?; gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ \5 j7 i8 X3 j" W) P7 n
"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, ' h$ p! u2 M& a8 h
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: U, [' E" F" |' j4 W' `: x7 R2 k
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:4 B- O3 `$ _5 z: N/ p, D
"Times New Roman"">“ 6 |' l$ L2 N+ s1 s( p
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? 1 S D# g3 _ F8 I5 a
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” 7 D% K$ M$ n9 ^* _宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, / U1 r4 Z6 d( G2 w0 e
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:0 n9 B5 U) w, `% F* A6 S' J
"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:
: P& ~+ F: O5 j* H. I( T1 b0 i! L; cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。
/ w' `$ x- z b% V: A6 d- X& o
; @' _) G# D' _) B/ Y- kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 " a: q5 A* A9 Q1 @5 R A
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, : W3 Z- _% K) O m: S5 p Jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,2 M6 M$ J& |' V* ~
: ^. X5 W1 {; V( p/ Gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, ) Y# Q+ g) k, v) yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, / D5 O t) w/ n4 p9 [mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7
, e) }/ K% ~8 l, w- f% b
& \% P4 W' N" Umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, . d8 e; s8 N. \) E" A宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, ! b+ P3 r) D+ N2 ]) r
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, ! {6 m4 E) I) r& t- pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, 3 j9 y- o: k5 ]8 s
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, . ?+ _9 E2 Y, d V+ ^1 i7 [, t) V8 k# Qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:! t3 |( ~7 W$ a6 m- _6 Y! m, v
"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ 8 z+ W' z) v5 |! y7 _) b
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” 1 _/ t+ j7 Y3 Q* i I( C
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。
5 v: j9 v, M$ r) n& |( B
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, W- |. A& w- f4 e
$ p8 d$ ~& a: H9 R
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 J4 L8 q2 J! E9 _( B5 L/ Y4 G
"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构
* l8 ?; D/ y+ G/ s' u9 I
& Y' \% x' V" C
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, $ j) H& T: C. j6 }: m( x; G B宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, ; y$ }, E6 V0 ~3 D
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: @* [2 P6 A" n- z2 ~2 J
"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素,
7 x. s1 D8 X2 A3 L& ? G: U, Z4 pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, * ]! S) i( @6 A6 l% Z, d
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:; L8 j2 x! r; S" O4 Q
"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,; x5 _, B# Y* H, s$ a* f' X5 S" H2 I9 o宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, 2 A" p" A" ~; c) d' C; W# h' yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题1 B+ C/ J6 \4 q" H- a- V0 d8 `
12.0pt">: 6 I6 g1 h& I7 M7 |2 n# W
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: 9 j( G, T4 ?' x& ?3 A% Nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才, Q, B" _6 _- W o- H$ U" c4 A8 ?
12.0pt">, 6 ` K- {" ]2 q5 o; Q, W
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, 3 [/ P% G0 A. u9 V* s4 U5 g1 q
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; 3 e4 d7 P7 X: E) wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, 1 r# u% F* K6 V0 G7 |
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, - o5 ]" @+ ~: y6 s/ r4 |
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题+ g7 q3 u1 Q$ f8 F7 R12.0pt">; " Y z: L' h) d# T) | R"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, 8 c3 j \9 \ X' @4 V9 e6 K* ]; ~font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求% h1 E! o+ q5 E; M
12.0pt">: ' \9 T$ i8 R- ^" Q0 K6 M
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; , f+ U# L! X4 d, \) ?8 c! E. s* D: e4 o
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:* J# v( J0 N6 @8 C) |
"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, ; Y/ g% | N7 T' ?; B
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, + t4 G. ?7 I! P# v" ~font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统* n6 L+ g# E0 _' Y+ w& I+ N5 ]) k
12.0pt">:
2 m3 a+ {1 W' r 8 Q, V" g0 z$ s: K& G
7 p+ d0 c; P t, u2 f4 T8 W5 omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ , r7 [9 T! u& T& _9 z4 ]' u( r
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” 4 {# G9 @2 t" v( @ U n
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕
" U- e9 H% J$ {# i5 Z: w; J
& |% N) O( k4 E' v. q, q mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">
# }# U5 [) ^+ G* M; p' k宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">
. o. ]" ] M# B" K3 ~8 b, m% v' X# y
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总,1 Q& x: A- h$ Q- ]) \* p
% ?: C( z7 C) B/ gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构
9 |; W4 F" a3 \# r: u
4 t. s: ~6 P; o+ j
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, 4 ?; n0 D, L- f+ Z Vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:6 y& c, S v6 a9 Q/ x$ u
"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, q0 S) P: H; W2 {- R/ O宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, * |; E. D6 @! Z
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,
5 K) t8 J; e$ e5 ?, {mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, 2 V. ~2 p6 L; G" w8 K0 l
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:8 Z/ x# D6 Q: d+ a7 n) G
"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, 9 U h0 X" r! y* ?mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, ' Q# X+ ~6 k s9 e+ L/ m% j宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: 1 u- E4 o2 v0 t/ g2 z' I7 v. e% U
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, ; i+ @) I/ y0 I3 B5 Rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, ) l5 \' x* r7 B8 m0 ^- R! `7 hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, 2 E- ~5 a, Y' f: W宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。
! g/ p- I `* B/ x8 [, x, i' h
( H) \! p3 o3 r% \; `0 L; ~7 ], ~ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上," J* O7 R4 e5 k3 C: O0 X font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定* d/ A! ]& u, Q: T( R+ n 12.0pt">, & g1 {& p" {2 d; T1 P% X% _ "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, 3 Q# `' c/ ~9 H; S# jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:2 ?- r1 A# m5 q) ? "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:$ L. M) H1 y- D# b mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, : q3 u/ r3 K' X4 G宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, . d4 ?9 F4 R; W, T' H- d1 y+ y" G font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:1 o( b* i: a7 s1 } "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, : B' w8 H* `1 ^6 s: } mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, - W! U8 ^7 G9 V2 Nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:4 X1 i0 `; r0 P4 v "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: 1 v* v! K, w+ Z' R 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ ; I! a$ K# v3 K& w 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, 1 C L) G" q1 D' o& p font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊
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