" W/ m: V2 J0 y! s3 c3 Cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, ' _+ } y2 q0 Y9 ?- t! c2 L# u" ~宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, & `$ ~5 a. h+ y* A: c. J% {font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, # B* `2 }6 \6 J宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,2 L: f# {: u# c: M. ]5 F' e1 g
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。
2 i" F2 L& q2 R, }/ H8 f- _& o
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, # }+ S# k5 K2 y3 U8 t
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, ; u1 g: S) G! Q: b
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:6 h3 g" U/ _" G6 y
"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题,; r$ D* A1 D% o' S: Z, M
- G. r# S4 H% a# h8 I
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, ) p. {, R' S8 ]8 I" ]宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, ' N8 k( Z, b: Y) U
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, ( }7 q% `' P7 r( rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, - ]+ @ D4 h( @ U0 X/ ^8 Z) k5 |
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。
% q( I" D, R5 @! c( k宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因,- |! _/ o5 C) x( R4 ?
3 o* ^9 i; u7 C4 a7 R
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构
6 [1 Y# C! F+ S& } h: d % m8 I: O7 y- l* v" X8 h4 v
. r* x8 S, |) @' L! xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, ! b4 v# [8 O* s3 o" K宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ 1 z0 O/ e: A/ L8 E宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” $ n2 k! A/ u. ^- r宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ 9 a2 x8 c* u3 h+ G5 b
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” $ c; v' H) }. ~; H& ^2 |& }1 v
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, " b' y8 L0 Z* Qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">前者为因, ( q1 t5 l' ]. ^: z
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, 7 J8 W- q. H% G0 I7 q$ ^4 bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:# y* [8 s/ t# t: [& w8 t9 }
"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,
/ M, i+ B' L. |) ?, Z3 U9 G
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, 5 U2 D$ L; p# t0 |5 O; a/ a. R
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, * n' `$ i2 S" j" N% b" j
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, $ G5 S, @; ~% m H" M
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: 1 S q: X! z) W, Lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">“ 7 I3 s: U0 P! P8 ^4 kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? $ _4 D) h0 ?8 i" g- O3 d/ P宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” / V9 t( P$ p7 b; q$ M
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, 9 g- [+ @9 N5 s4 S% ^* pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:' k+ a4 Y* E0 Q
"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:
7 t$ H" A% o) Q E6 X- r l
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。
7 j( C Y8 [- J7 q8 E* E
Y; T$ x8 l2 e: V8 `
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 & Q3 n8 ]$ M m* R/ K/ x3 P% o1 f
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, % w& |7 y4 H( Z. r6 T5 X4 Zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,
" Z' I$ c9 y& b" Gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, . T' r; R* _! t% U, u$ x+ vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:" y3 K$ T0 f- C, G# [
"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, , h! o! R& N! ]; K' i. \2 Q$ Y5 N2 A
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7
0 X1 p8 M- u& h5 O* W/ j7 M ( J4 y8 c; U0 @& R1 j
5 m, _2 a( h, d1 U6 d
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, ( s( r- q: r- q; k
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, / v( J5 n; v* ~& @) }
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:' ]# D$ ?# U% W9 D3 \9 ^% i7 q/ j
"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 6 O7 {% ^/ F1 J* c: q2 l9 \3 ~2 _
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, 5 Q0 ^/ G) E6 M" l
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, % H6 B% D$ Z6 v6 ^3 n( O8 {& d
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:1 ]1 w n. u+ `4 d& Y% h
"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ ' J7 X$ K; F5 {( c" J5 U3 zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” ! D* G+ H3 L) r4 r, X. w5 Z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。
' M' b: k+ K$ I
g9 \& z t7 r$ q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣,
; i$ j9 Z& _7 Z7 B$ Q5 Z& G' ^2 V- y
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构
1 P: A/ ]2 D% M9 i( h
$ O+ r* o, A4 g) [* E8 ^. `
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, 3 Q5 r5 K3 A3 S u# d u0 C( h宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, : w1 z: I7 d5 D! }font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素,- y: u6 Y$ @. U0 [2 q% x
9 l5 c6 a0 o) `) p: p# _! R- w' y
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, ! |. f' C0 a. W l: j3 ~font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,( D* W3 v4 r' j2 b7 X" d6 P宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, U$ R P6 O. M* c) w% s) \: g/ a
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:' M& V' _+ s, {# _! _) ]
"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题3 T; ~; n9 z4 i) H* V5 r' _. W12.0pt">: , O& k7 Q( o1 l, C- g# s
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: " d% J j+ [7 C4 Ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才7 P9 U& [( Y' P12.0pt">, 4 ]# t* u/ q4 E, g c& q"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, 0 E& v9 I/ L/ s. yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; % E* F; i8 Y% Ymso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, 4 D0 g0 _1 ?* F' M# v宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, ; j1 ^" `. j0 E
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题6 r( }9 S% ~9 V: [) @: u12.0pt">; " f, n& T! q% p"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, + ?7 y' T2 K: d, G: R3 J- N
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求& U! b O! E( z: r8 ]- q
12.0pt">: , b& k, m1 H, p7 p3 w"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; + ?' V# j. O/ @" G9 x; a6 Xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:8 e1 H# k& R4 [- v; s
"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, E3 m5 G g: @' F& P& q/ lmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, - Q5 l v4 R8 T: b9 O0 y+ X
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 W. {/ }; @* Q# T, E
"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统. w9 S+ a: w6 j4 ?3 r: h8 C( b12.0pt">:
5 ?" l( d+ [- f , ?: U2 k. h8 t
, I9 b6 m3 k5 b3 z8 _% v: h& Amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ * G, M4 r' T. \3 d8 V5 ?; {0 L, F, _
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” 8 R6 H+ L* }% H, W( f' S宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕
( |+ u8 {4 p( ~& b G
5 C2 i9 ^% J. h" D- n6 ~8 g) E mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">
Q) \; j/ Y+ [% @# S" X宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">
; J! ?8 `/ V6 [7 z( U# t
5 X3 n( w- \% c' p# x宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总,9 ]3 j% |/ G6 _3 g/ e1 ?
0 l6 }* {* |/ v6 u, z
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构
8 V7 Z! V: [2 y1 Y# X) }
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, % F1 t; g* T* `( A: B: Jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:1 M' j+ x$ G: e0 n0 S4 O5 e
"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, 2 m1 k, W0 W, O宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, , K0 z% P5 H2 z5 P
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,/ G% o: I( i* f- T
+ [! _5 }% I/ N! K. F7 x2 L8 `& Umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, 7 ?; x+ `+ s! A2 a7 O, c" ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, 8 j2 u* m, G. [9 v% @
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, * U3 N6 _% g( e. G
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: % D# b% Z2 ?# l0 n; Rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ E) p% f7 ]: u1 D( b4 f
"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, ) e3 M1 p1 l0 `" B+ J, x
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, # x4 r8 U+ q$ _ t# j+ S4 a3 T
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 l, f1 [" [& N I
"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, : G/ e/ V+ L8 S2 a
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。
, c3 ]- D- ^1 p& I8 v- ymso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上," f* X7 i" {; k0 @: P( h" {/ y9 zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, |1 f$ O3 W7 {1 ^; f5 O( U+ F "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定; Z( G8 }, y6 ^% @) f12.0pt">, * D. N! |' i2 e+ Z G"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, + J' e' {+ q+ ^ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, z# j; i/ C( j4 i" o "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:" r& Y& {1 X. ~8 B5 Gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, " P- W$ | V# c' T6 B+ N 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, & d. p0 B9 s' A' z3 u7 ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:' p; | A/ [9 ^7 C( y& H "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, $ b$ g& i4 S; Y9 y) Zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, ; g6 O; r& d" s$ `7 _+ o font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: . J& A/ d7 h* P* J* q* ^ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ ! ^3 W, ^" T5 E 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, : X* L* W6 H, e. a0 rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:4 J$ b) |; u; G" g7 Q "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊
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