7 H8 |0 v. r1 N5 C4 Q; p6 H
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, 3 h1 M( x n" y2 }% l) T( B宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, & X( `1 {; k5 B" Q
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, l w0 n: n! O4 Z$ n宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,9 [; r3 _% f) f+ O* Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) I# k" W& V( w3 X
"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。
. _& x' ^7 E# K$ @! B- H* ?
4 K4 y4 T% z/ `
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, & i( h; [7 `4 j/ l& h. g, |
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, - B! Q0 s7 `$ ^7 C: G# B
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题,( ?) {' ?" y4 T d$ w
7 ^6 z5 e' H# o! C1 T) c2 A
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, " \, J7 C" B( m: U M
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, 6 _$ |1 X0 B3 d* w1 G
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, , y* h6 d) o y. [
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, 7 S* c' u* ]1 P宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。
( Q) _4 W; F( z. w宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因,$ {* c( V& |5 J/ T
0 d7 z; y& D: x- S2 w
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:; n. }7 O3 }$ u- y# P: Y1 P' ^. U
"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构
0 s* d& p V, t0 d3 r" w' Y
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, , D. x/ n; R& X6 e
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ ) n" l3 Q* t! J* }! v& G. x3 \6 p# C
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” " ^$ j) J2 J8 o
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ 6 F: j% b$ W' I3 A
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” * M% q# s2 Y3 B) ^1 R3 x' B
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, 2 ]1 v% A! [# o. [! ]% g0 x
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:! m" U8 i Q; O/ g6 m
"Times New Roman"">前者为因, % T7 O5 m+ k/ j# A
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, " }% T0 F; n I" x* r
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:0 e% U0 F! g1 v2 ~& f; @
"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,
) n/ H' Z q1 t$ Z, |mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, $ N7 n" j( g; Z8 B$ ^
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, 7 ]. C/ t1 s( C2 f
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 T/ E0 ]6 ~6 G3 w* j
"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, 4 L' ^# L9 Z. w/ R! d
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: 5 Y E. Y% Y( |1 q2 X; R/ R' Y# Afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:' K \ L! H% ?: N X: T! P( k2 L& C
"Times New Roman"">“ : u; h6 C, \' f8 i
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? . `. P* ~9 {, a* O1 P
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” / r8 n: Z' Z( r% Y" ^9 G
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, 8 {& E* A8 c/ ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: I' i7 H* B4 u- g- T) [# S5 a: M6 w
$ c5 S# e' C% f+ n: f: y" R8 o$ {, f
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。
# F8 p, Y3 k/ s0 v
# c" S* K/ g/ }/ Z [mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 % d$ X2 _6 X- i& Q5 G2 F0 ]宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, / u2 N/ p! ?" E4 D
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,6 Y+ _ z9 {( b& m
- U: r! x ^4 a3 P$ u; y0 ^ _: G
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, 3 R7 j" z# c* a( W- `
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:* C8 a8 A f0 q/ @/ N+ ~8 E; O5 O! i
"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, 2 }/ s+ @( ?) T, q! P
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7
, w! h& J% `& C! J2 c/ A3 m ; H+ X; S5 |/ t% n: H5 V( V5 v
" j+ y& c2 K' M" J& i7 ?+ H
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, 0 g+ g2 F& ]" g) K9 h/ X
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, ' Q# H5 b9 D9 X" jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ M7 [; E' _8 e& E7 H* z2 a+ O
"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 3 c! i4 R1 ?# c$ d; N$ M* q
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, " U, C6 Z0 y1 q0 C
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, 7 Q' j* D+ C% j( t3 wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 d( t( p0 @' _8 E5 g" q& E+ h
"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ 9 q6 s9 S3 f( V5 _' y3 V
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” % N1 q7 ?" d* Z2 x+ a/ H' ]* v
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。
& I( |! Q- L- J4 C4 s( ?
; C- n$ j: Y7 j% v" z6 {宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣,
+ f. X! U" w( e9 M: C3 S& l, _
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构
0 }; k$ g4 Y) z$ X
9 \# g* b5 A4 |5 o X3 k. L8 \
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, / u1 n/ |9 B' `5 f; a8 t
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, , U' L' {+ g+ ~
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素,6 B: ?7 M/ |7 n
, D9 Y9 U: S- P" P1 V& {$ V4 {. n; nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, / o, c& o7 ]& l8 \' E3 W1 q; nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,2 |$ d. T' C2 v+ d! w2 S% x- y: \
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, 0 d1 t3 ?; _- A7 }9 |' Z
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:' M: _$ V% \0 k' B% n6 M
"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题4 N# H, m6 T0 Y7 w4 ]7 }, q6 G12.0pt">: 1 Q; g, f: C) t- x2 P6 i
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: + E9 }+ ]9 b. `( l# Gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才- k0 r* [! o: J# s- B5 n
12.0pt">, - v0 R+ D6 n! I" C+ m$ ]0 _"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, ) O4 ]; h1 G+ I: W9 Hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; 5 ]; a3 H) C2 E+ ~; `! Q
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, , f2 K7 U0 o! W. ~
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, - ^ X* ^* {0 E, V
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题 U8 f5 }" P ^6 X4 K5 O' D12.0pt">; + Z* G; ~7 S R6 O. J
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, " S0 n# j% ~1 P% T0 J" m! X# u1 t
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:. v+ Y1 h r) C3 P c$ U
"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求1 |2 W- A' i$ ?5 P& ]
12.0pt">: - Y; C" q" V8 i+ Q"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; 8 q; H& f4 a2 |+ cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:0 o) N0 z/ O9 c' m3 ?/ I
"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, 6 v3 o$ }# b/ q' j; v& zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 1 I) w. ^5 G, Z/ b( r) ^
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ S1 V4 M8 J" `! A/ V: E7 ~
"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统% I' x! Z! i( l+ b5 n4 |
12.0pt">:
1 u2 `+ v$ s* a* _
% ^) d0 l' V ~$ B4 J
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ . f4 l" ]3 }+ u6 \2 r9 T& S
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” ' M) m! d5 b/ m& j
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕
8 p7 J5 p" _& [$ L2 u
- R- I# _$ ^( R( d& m5 O7 F& |mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">
- \( K. Z9 H6 M: y0 ] k9 G
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">
$ V! R& Y& h5 r% h) b4 B- L X+ w宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总,
# `( Q+ ^) F/ Q f% Y: {* a. w
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构
, N2 v5 M! e6 J& H& H; v# p. ]
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, " v8 h) |' E( |
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ y$ @) V" }3 n4 v" O
"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, & p; R0 q- u: M
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, : w) H1 {' v- s. I6 lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,
8 E, Z, I" L# N0 \; Q3 O+ Z( e
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, 3 ~. i5 r+ A* r. l3 L* N7 b9 O8 Xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ B2 V" ?; W- t& X$ f
"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, 6 Y" j$ C2 z! j. D- t
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, $ G" v( I4 X1 v, L宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: + n q7 F. B* K. |: m$ Jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:- h2 H9 t/ G) s+ R
"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, ' Z9 q' J$ L- k
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, ; Z, {# A! W9 U* U% ? Nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: V1 L: n' Q+ ?0 _+ I0 T8 _
"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, ( ~$ a9 w& s+ X( j" D2 |# G- j
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。
$ v J2 a* ~; [5 Z$ ^ n- i9 `* A9 Q3 q: R- _3 P
! i% w3 Q9 }0 {5 H6 A, o& T0 |* Umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,. m, j4 ?9 w$ P$ `8 Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:6 x- x d* }( B6 ~5 @. e% H "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定* }* g' ]2 `1 K9 I; t* s9 ^* J12.0pt">, 2 R7 N. E. {8 g, j: T3 ]% v "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, . S4 q1 j4 D* g% r: a% E8 B font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: p; v3 x# V7 u0 S. h" n! [: N T "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:' e' B- m- Z; ^: C) v5 Vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, - o9 L! h* Z H* Z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, 2 p2 n; H) U: Q6 ?9 Lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, % {5 l ?0 M! d6 g# b mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, & {, O2 o9 B: m( K- i font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: 8 g1 O$ Y! n6 O8 k宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ ! e% d; c% w* B: }2 v 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, ) \" _2 Q( K9 V+ O# Y. |# b font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ f' r% v6 F5 q& t "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊
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