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漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

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见习秘书  发表于 2015-1-5 13:23:16 |阅读模式 打印 上一主题 下一主题
 
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4 y$ i- V8 }- |$ z |7 D mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, , r8 I" f8 k; L4 e2 w) ~. m宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, 7 D/ c7 H- Y) h0 V. Q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! M9 ]5 T$ B) G$ u2 c# F"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, 6 J% W& ~' `& p0 s q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,1 w8 \) _7 `4 b! } font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 [ W/ P4 o, Q& p2 V: ]9 E "Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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% Y7 d! F% L6 m& [4 r u mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, * [; G9 k. a/ O宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, 7 f+ O' F0 S+ q* E0 Kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:8 H: c* a6 ?# q$ h+ m7 y "Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题,: Y$ K5 k: Z, S* E: B! {. R 4 z, N ~) X. h2 o2 {; U* \ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, + C) i& \9 y$ z: l 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, 0 n! J: C# U: }! {" @font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 a1 R9 l3 z1 ]. _4 } "Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, ' F9 V9 [5 M, C# `; A+ w( [6 Hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, 3 d3 g: B" |6 W 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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! w8 p g+ W8 p! J/ V 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因," u' }- P+ {- P( F3 s9 f( o5 G ) W/ ^3 |, z& P8 D font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( o6 G; K' h( b9 O2 ?4 a- l"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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2 ]' b/ w. A( I C$ n# rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, f- J" {3 |! f& C4 |宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ ' |$ @+ X" w# t! v 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” 4 p! ~$ B, P8 |宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ - T, D5 J0 U* B 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” . X+ w/ p% g) @ C4 b1 R3 h 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, & L7 l, x8 g0 d- C; k$ M7 ` ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - j2 ^& y; B) T$ N" M5 v$ D"Times New Roman"">前者为因, 7 y0 J7 h* f, ~# j% W5 Emso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, 7 U; D6 E7 A3 `0 n: \font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:# y( } E. H5 a0 ~2 n "Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,$ }$ t+ S) |5 \# M. ]( @, y , u0 z" H2 Y% x' xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, ( H) i$ m, d0 j- u6 b) w' |3 D) g 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, , o" Q" a( R) M! l- U& Ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:! `3 K1 b0 b) n+ T' N7 l "Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, ( y5 o6 N& t6 t1 F8 X7 x. e, h宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: + g" d1 c r' L font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:( D; B6 Z: q/ X- c; _5 y. w8 `+ Z "Times New Roman"">“ " B- }( |3 N0 A6 p2 i* O3 v" I mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? , X4 T6 G3 e9 r- i+ f9 @宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” , x4 {$ `/ f `- d' u 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, ' i' n9 u' J7 `# O) Dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - T& v1 Y% m& m"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:2 y. M$ J. H0 ~" I; |$ k 1 x$ j4 m) p/ ^mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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7 J* s# P: t' Z/ V mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 , W' e& k& M m+ ~8 i' D. r+ ? 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, $ T7 ?' r# ?. _ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:* ?/ k' c- {% G% ] "Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,+ X# n. h9 |% n x3 E+ P% F4 \' \ & @ \! @+ x6 R4 _* D mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, : f; g! @0 e9 O I9 r$ ^; V* |) cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:6 m; C: [ C, c "Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, 3 k+ ?' e4 _+ F" l) t3 tmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 ( e5 p" U# o" ]8 ~! q+ I" e mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里" G7 Y/ F: M9 b9 i* ~' s% t. f5 gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 2 A5 |6 P% P5 V mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(. v* ]+ Q( ^! X8 Y( M+ x宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), # j# @0 @; o6 m# |. o; U7 N font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) C2 r( o I3 y4 n "Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用 w% L: ~/ l+ c/ U2 j12.0pt">, 3 e" ~7 I$ s6 ?1 g5 f "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, : L6 n, Q, x" Nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:# q5 U& S. F3 ~ "Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, 9 D9 `: w$ o8 L' m mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!7 [3 z+ N+ ~6 Q" {1 {5 u: }1 [; e1 p$ y6 d 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, 8 J) u' v ^: \4 X$ A7 O1 Z0 T1 I font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:' L( O; o) g1 v3 I4 a; C "Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: % u0 _4 G9 J1 o4 n( Amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, 8 C3 G, V3 c' R. I% ^宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, 2 a# z. K; r& [( _2 E4 y7 y# ~ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:1 Y P) ^0 J" m+ j* X5 @- I "Times New Roman"">“ 7 L6 U3 z7 o U8 A+ Lmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”# U/ \" x7 ^* C" P. v12.0pt"> , t9 e: o# B/ Z. U "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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+ Q& M, x# i8 c; U+ C# }mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, ], `: O) W5 ?7 r6 r宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, M, d# U" U; Z! ~$ Ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " [" g4 R5 o7 |+ B: L% F3 w"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, " T- S G1 K D0 Umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, 3 j0 C6 q9 Q" k. W6 a R4 Q3 D 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, 8 z" B5 N* J) h/ Y- ] font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: g% I( z% O V! D: v9 Q' ?$ [ t"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ & k+ S, [" j) ]: {- R* v mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” # ^$ `, Z1 n4 Z9 v5 W6 c' p宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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2 |5 l2 d4 o, s9 V! \1 x/ Y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, " }* j: ?- Q7 e8 ], c; ?" ` q2 `3 i7 v" J3 N. g8 Ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) g* G2 @8 W. A9 F e5 K "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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& s, L! n3 p8 L/ {- K# amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, 2 ~; r9 }- U1 A宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, u1 Y; Y0 J- q+ P$ E font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " _7 L( F: c, O' J"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, 9 W* [; e ?8 ?4 c9 d# Q% W: L) b! q2 N* K+ z/ e7 D- ~* @& _- |0 O+ Nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, & b( R' I5 W+ D& ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % x6 s4 e' W0 \ Z"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,- x+ k$ u+ m1 ~; w4 L& E2 x) a Z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, % L7 c" O# j. S# r6 q1 O8 b- z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ ^8 E+ w0 T, _- Q1 Y( b "Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题+ H# j" Y @ B8 u9 U 12.0pt">: $ W! W4 q/ H. Z9 ^9 r) j"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: 1 B W3 l! X9 D- @2 Y6 R- xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:1 S' K; @. z; Y! c4 s2 d "Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才* v6 T, ~# ^: `# x3 a 12.0pt">, : s2 Z' x+ E$ | S7 S f8 Q! d& Z"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, ) |( z! L: T( o* }" {/ t font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:6 j% F7 K8 g% T) F5 _& ] "Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; + X+ H8 P9 V# fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, $ D. y, s% V, t a 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, / z9 D1 @7 Y4 L! a2 R# b6 \/ a- Wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 ~' K( p- C9 i% O: J I( F; ? "Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题2 G: A" m& \' `) h1 u6 i12.0pt">; 3 ^) Z" m8 L* t' B8 Z6 Z' F D7 e "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, : e2 a- q" I: I& ^3 Cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 k2 t7 p; P- V9 N "Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求9 J8 F) Q. q: o( c' n 12.0pt">: t" G( a# l8 V4 G "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; ' m( M# h4 Z. `$ g font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : Q& Y5 m' U3 |5 E% R% W# `3 |"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, ! Z1 F3 j. s7 w% r% \3 Z& [8 I& M mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, $ Y5 N2 k0 F) yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:# i1 p$ _4 e% H7 p* V "Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统# k4 i0 d( E: B# B" q) O4 n$ z# @& l 12.0pt">:

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3 d* |+ o, g; Hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ 2 ^. {- d- z/ m" A9 L6 L宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” ; s$ y" k7 ^" e9 P: p# D宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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& c5 x$ r- f# X% l) x$ Y 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, / U' v% \9 q# M6 X- F5 f. r0 y" b2 P9 ]9 a7 v font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 K; o3 J Z Z: x5 N/ [4 h"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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3 f. {$ f5 w5 ], Y9 t. B mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, 8 o; ~* v4 h1 _1 d8 n3 p7 efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 b1 M0 S! U7 u* Z$ u& K9 A5 p"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, * L* W3 X- w) ~4 O宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, 8 x4 k, ^: t# n- B; b font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:# B4 n! P. p# y "Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, ) x: V8 t" f! R6 z4 r1 {5 y3 n5 A# W% }" Y* w# u2 h9 J% C b mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, , i* Z3 N" z; X font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:0 ]/ D/ h( C- Y "Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, 6 Q# G6 x& e# S, h$ K) V3 D mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, $ r! X! d; f# D宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: 7 V) j6 z% d R% R0 ~0 G3 j font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 U" [2 T" `* a$ l) R9 V' Y"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, [7 X3 `7 z. _! U, b# Vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, ! @( B5 r5 e; h font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 y5 m& [% S5 S5 N"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, 4 y* E3 D6 H$ h S0 I+ k7 d' j 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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t% l$ ~9 f# Y$ r5 ^ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,6 x3 Z- F+ G$ |/ H, z" tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ m* ^: P1 I( y6 Q "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定& p9 a2 y0 o6 E12.0pt">, ! u, e8 R r/ I" H; G7 ]$ Z3 f"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, # @/ S- K4 J& y7 N: ]1 X' x' ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % X4 Z$ V% ~. e. I. L. d"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:$ x# b9 n: t* f9 q8 m6 Pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, $ ~# d# Z2 p' W4 o3 c宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, " O- d* m% ~2 Y9 c, r4 Bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 q: d, N3 h6 g& t1 J"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, 3 r; D6 [% i/ u, g$ wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, 4 R- a9 G1 M D! a# w, p3 @font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:* L0 J, ~0 s% E* u( O5 k* ~ "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: @8 g0 I3 y, z9 _; R: |% f 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ * f5 s( I5 W* P# s6 `宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, 0 a* I% E9 D! x ^. L( k font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( Q% F+ F V( J/ F"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊

 
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