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今日下午，《论语札记》作者贾陆英老师继续在老秘网QQ群“重温经典读书会”组织大家学习讨论《论语》为政篇第2章。有贾老师的热心授课，我们的重温经典读书会已名副其实了。昨天老秘网新开了“公文写作合议庭”版块，也期待大家积极参与。这里，老猫把今日的聊天记录整理如下：
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">各位好，星期一下午有事未到，让大家久等了。特致歉意。今天下午，我们学习讨论《论语》为政篇第: J; d& }( @2 r4 X8 j# Tmso-font-kerning:0pt">2+ r" H9 m4 p% _% I. z1 _font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">子曰：4 O* b' i% c8 `9 E) I; M9 emso-font-kerning:0pt">"" r7 F; A# o Y' G0 e) ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
! j* _0 `0 E2 E* q' umso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰：思无邪。" B4 l' O5 y2 M) ?' O: R0 Jmso-font-kerning:0pt">"
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百：《诗经》实有三百零五篇，三百只是举其整数。. E5 d, r1 g3 {1 l& w
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">：概括。思无邪：《诗经/ q: h% L* L( j! Q9 D L" h( {mso-font-kerning:0pt">•6 R/ w X* b4 w5 x
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' Y2 N' F3 t( e% S4 T$ \( v; r0 C1 i5 t& emso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">駧》》上的一句话。原文的思字是语助词，孔子借用这句话把思作思想讲。无邪：纯正，没有邪念。" E# O. `5 h. [# E: Z: Y
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》三百篇，用一句话来概括它，就是/ {& y: @2 j1 R, i0pt">‘* I8 u- Q1 c* A4 q- F4 g
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# J$ y7 A: ^( e# F8 Z- P' _Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">问：孔子为什么极为重视诗教？0 m5 U" r) T) I- g0pt">
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">答：本章是孔子对《诗经》精神的概括。孔子曾经说过，吾道一以贯之，指出他的学说有一个贯穿其中的基本精神，读书学习，重要的是要把握这个基本精神。一言以蔽之，就是一以贯之的意思，! N, p! U+ l6 Hmso-font-kerning:0pt">"8 G3 u8 b2 h& I( Y
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T$ x! p+ h: K2 b) f$ b5 N9 zmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">就是贯穿于诗经三百篇中的核心精神。1 k6 i3 a+ O8 n) ~' f( m* U1 `mso-font-kerning:0pt">
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# G" \! e7 q5 K9 k' g9 O7 \mso-font-kerning:0pt">兴于诗、立于礼、成于乐6 ? z r( Q! _6 A) l8 A' C10.5pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">”! Q; W% y. d; r8 T# V- T2 x, @2 T( @0 Lmso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">泰伯》），兴于诗，强调诗的教育之重要，所兴的是人的情感。立于礼，礼教的目的是使人在社会上立足。成于乐，乐教的目的是使这种7 t \0 y: t4 a3 A( @$ V7 l
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; f% }2 O" M* @. g3 G& o; d) Fmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">最终得以完成。古人讲的" {! l |9 `( j1 D$ P# imso-font-kerning:0pt">“( R0 @0 e. E- |0 G0 z
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，包括音乐、舞蹈、诗歌等等，诗歌是运用有节律、有韵律的语言反映生活、抒发情感的文学体裁，孔子认为，就教化的功能而言，" f$ p" d; e7 p0 M9 u
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是一个人品德养成、人性完善的最高层次。9 o1 u# O# R3 s2 }( L" Vmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》是中国最早的一部诗歌总集，经孔子删订，收有从西周初年到春秋中叶的诗歌# ?5 v( |5 d- Z' qmso-font-kerning:0pt">305& _- q0 C) V6 [- F& m8 {0 }! Lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
, R; `! U1 \7 P" V4 Vmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">篇。孔子特别重视# h0 F" J# T! y1 E! c9 d9 Nmso-font-kerning:0pt">“7 A' } J, s% r/ W# O9 B- W
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">对于人格完善的重要作用，他说：( _/ d; l& V1 T8 G5 f
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">不学诗，无以言。 }' O/ A; ^& Z O% rmso-font-kerning:0pt">”$ A9 e+ H" |, m6 i8 D% J3 U6 X1 k" b
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l7 A3 [" ]3 z, C5 Pmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语8 F9 O$ K4 Q9 V$ F' Z( Q
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">季氏》）0 K( f, A- [7 Z9 G6 @7 x. b2 g
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观，可以群，可以怨。迩之事父，远之事君；多识于鸟兽草木之名。* x* T( c F9 c2 H9 |
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# Q2 g, g% O) ]mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语 I* e7 J: P4 c3 K: Imso-font-kerning:0pt">•0 m0 i& R( m; d, j7 z
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' ^& B) m1 r7 I6 ^! \% _mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">阳货》）由此可见，孔子重视《诗经》的教育，一是在于学习《诗》的语言和文化知识，二是通过/ C% Z" v7 { t
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5 d! [! I/ u$ f; } u1 [% z- amso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">兴、观、群、怨; s8 v. s' f& l F- u3 N
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，遐思而纯正，宁静而致远。$ ?0 g8 G w5 |0 l6 y7 B
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰：思无邪。) H! ]0 C9 A5 c) f, L9 \0 ~- bmso-font-kerning:0pt">"* @" ]' b I" H m w6 O
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">睡虫歪解：诗歌三百篇，用一句话来掩盖，就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女，女想男，教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊，就说，人家的思想是很纯洁的。+ ~- o, C0 C' `" C7 [2 omso-font-kerning:0pt">
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗歌三百篇，用一句话来掩盖，就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女，女想男，教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊，就说，人家的思想是很纯洁的。' f8 b. f1 A( O3 Q& kmso-font-kerning:0pt">——9 R' l8 q T# {: s! _; V9 Bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
# ^( }" Y$ W& c) I1 l8 m1 L" n6 smso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">此乃6 x: G. J7 J, i3 imso-font-kerning:0pt">“& W: r7 Q0 u7 P" tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">。诗经确有许多歌颂男女爱情的作品，那时的社会风气是开化的，孔子的思想也是开化的。这种风气被改变，是后来的事。不可用后人的标准衡量前人。“我把贾老得罪了”2 t& e K* _6 w U- }8 ?: b+ Vmso-font-kerning:0pt">——1 |! x+ x: H9 v. u" L6 y7 Zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;& O, n, g: Y: L! O
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">开个玩笑，没关系的。3 g! i3 {! ^7 c* G0 P" ~mso-font-kerning:0pt"> ' p0 q- j- ], S6 {7 Q& E
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观、可以群，可以怨。6 _5 j4 C+ {0 G7 T
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9 K4 e7 p% U0 s, i7 H) Omso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">学诗的作用就在于- z* W7 ]0 [5 T) l, X* ^ f, X Zmso-font-kerning:0pt">“! A+ _; t* ?) V& ?/ O9 Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨. {- V8 s% ] K
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">四个字。所谓/ M7 V0 f6 I* }" imso-font-kerning:0pt">“7 @* J3 t* ]& w& F6 c2 O
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; C# P$ z; q, _: C9 vmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以激发人的兴致，培养想象力；所谓' X( F9 \* z/ @- M6 Q+ Bmso-font-kerning:0pt">“$ \ D# E% r; c" s( R+ D- j" ^7 Qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;9 s$ t8 K" C6 [7 [1 k7 X
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以多识鸟兽草木等大自然之物，提高观察力；所谓* A' ?& N# O3 }; D: xmso-font-kerning:0pt">“; M4 ^0 ?0 L8 ~# I B" c
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以涵养温柔敦厚的性情，提高在群体中生活的能力；所谓0 u) h2 n% k" D- J
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨# \* c6 W5 b a6 A$ o9 ?$ nmso-font-kerning:0pt">”9 U! d2 t, B# w8 C6 Z& p$ S
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) L, u, y& h) P, N8 a4 s1 |$ Bmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗还可以锻炼$ T2 D9 P8 r3 h! M
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">乐而不淫、哀而不伤2 V! ~4 }! h6 ]; imso-font-kerning:0pt">”* i9 l! J% X6 `! U
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语0 ~; Y7 S- z6 |' B, [6 ?# T$ lmso-font-kerning:0pt">.3 a, X4 |3 D6 W0 Efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
% I. G6 d! a! ^( ^5 O4 X. hmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">八佾》）的胸襟和品格，抒发心中之怨，而又能! d: h8 r5 u' \( b
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% W' E9 k8 o) T! Amso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨而不怒( Q' O! ~$ V1 f- b8 S$ D+ M7 \2 Vmso-font-kerning:0pt">”+ y" u; Y! i4 s) c! Rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;8 Z+ M# n7 ]5 V% b
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《朱熹0 m3 X. e' |( L; o2 u) gmso-font-kerning:0pt">.+ I! ~- i! G! g! v- H# h: I' l
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4 P0 z7 e8 ^5 q+ b+ h# d9 Tmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">论语集注》），恰到好处，合乎中道。总之，学诗可以使人* f2 Q$ L) M1 v bmso-font-kerning:0pt">“; Z+ h$ U5 N, I" ` r
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& s/ C& x7 J9 t9 ymso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">为政》），遐思而纯正，宁静而致远。' w" E/ X3 P! ?3 A3 v$ amso-font-kerning:0pt"> ! b# z# R0 F) D6 Z' b
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, Q4 o9 X; H6 K+ N" N7 D- N4 iTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">继续歪解啊：群呢，就是说物以类聚，大家有共同的审美和爱好，对诗经有雷同的见解，于是呢，就找到好朋友了。所谓怨呢，就是说看到诗经里写的这么美好的事物人物，会生出点点怨气，怨自己为什么没有诗经这么美好的生活，从而激发斗志。' F- ]3 \% h @6 g5 \& qmso-font-kerning:0pt">9 w* a/ T5 C; W) {! X H, p; O
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">大家是做文秘工作的，写文章，也需要提高文学素养，如能恰到好处地引用几句诗词、名言警句，定会使文稿熠熠生辉。否则，干巴巴的，没有文彩，读之无味。; \7 g. m- U! K, Q& [- ymso-font-kerning:0pt">
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0 b L3 D* m2 z: l2 qmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是的，不但文稿晦暗，而且说服力弱8 I. B- r/ p/ _8 O5 ]& l4 L
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨，是否也指怨刺，有着对社会的不满和抨击，比如《硕鼠》《伐檀》等等* B8 |0 _& U5 q/ S' q
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是啊，大家看看习总的语言风格，文学素养深厚，值得学习。
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