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漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

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见习秘书  发表于 2015-1-5 13:23:16 |阅读模式 打印 上一主题 下一主题
 
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, j! z0 Q' G2 j/ j mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, : J. O7 b6 W5 C3 S/ i. h. x& B 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, $ _8 M2 ?; u# J" sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:" v- s) c* H. g "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, 5 ~) a8 ^* G9 ^, J宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性, _. A& q7 `' c3 L0 m$ [3 Tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:1 o$ ~3 t. u+ q; h. B, S) J6 U "Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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: s" H0 k2 v5 C0 ~ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, ! D8 }3 w1 s4 V) X 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, 7 i7 N# a2 g. u! v. r6 g font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% _* I+ w) R; t- v+ X "Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, 0 f$ } w2 d$ Y$ v& e5 N! }/ y: D- v: U! Y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, % ]: E+ o0 b4 Y5 E2 A X! o3 s) F$ P宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, 4 Z# u% p; g0 `1 N font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 ?5 Q4 w1 A1 b* T" u+ P! R$ h! v"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, : H. u0 u/ ~- \1 xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, , b/ D7 A3 U# ?宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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l6 l# \2 }& t M宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因,8 h6 X- T" ~5 b( @ & R! W/ h0 j2 b5 ?& K* ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 Z$ i6 ~+ r% H) U- M3 q"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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5 W! ]) M/ J# Y6 ]7 [; X% n# y9 m mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, 4 [& e& @5 v2 I* G9 ]* ]" v( v宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ : ?8 j' i. J, ?2 _宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” + e! s, Q" j8 H0 d" H. _ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ - q* S: T8 C! E; u1 t9 n- q8 c宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” , ]+ P A& G/ ?. u宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, 5 Y) j. I1 h6 T; v Ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - }7 M$ X( a8 N( s"Times New Roman"">前者为因, 7 f+ {( s4 C9 ~$ W- R, dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, : f2 H, g1 H. mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:! T; k, }+ X2 c5 M) S "Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, " `! m; y6 K7 `5 {6 E* P: Q' |: q7 x4 y+ x& C9 M) ?+ V mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, " Z6 L+ H1 \; U0 `7 F3 m/ F* I 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, ( @5 {& H. }9 ]; E( o. Ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ z# b& B4 P; t "Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, / c" a4 Q" @* R8 t 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: 4 X0 I5 r* c) i$ E2 w9 d: nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:9 B" M3 @) R7 J5 Q) B, W "Times New Roman"">“ 4 w& L" f4 e7 Z* L$ A' G" S mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? : J5 A9 r9 w+ e ^3 W' d' I 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” # a! r# r, {7 l* W; d+ f! S8 n1 v* ] 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, ! `2 i; Z1 ^; L: w font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 i# p! y) `4 E% m% c: X, t"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: 3 m7 D2 B9 ?" D+ c2 f O! I4 j# ^$ f mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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! Z1 U8 `) B. B) W+ z5 f' x" g7 S mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 , p( C2 _0 v+ o j) d宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, % d6 q4 V$ v0 I! ]$ n/ {1 j font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 4 b: C j6 p- j"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, 7 e `8 t' o i% ~% X$ N$ K, j0 D7 U4 C6 Amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, 8 s+ b+ g4 c: c% {5 x5 R0 x9 Rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ Z" B+ I' Q$ W/ w; Q3 M "Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, 0 z& r5 V' ?' z! }3 r* C/ @! @& J) tmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 ' [3 j" f, z1 Z mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里% g2 b, s7 H/ u; x0 L mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 9 r5 ?4 M, s8 h6 b/ D% Nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(/ p) e/ W* l; H3 t/ Y6 [( _8 K宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), X9 G/ ~' E2 F1 f1 tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: c' A, [- C4 ]# ] "Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用7 o0 N6 \+ i- N+ q* ~3 x. b 12.0pt">, 6 d/ x) z7 U3 o/ n% q" | "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, # ^ h* [9 F8 X0 ^ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: , x" \" J- l5 [: D6 s# S! ~"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, 3 j9 D7 p- T) l5 L; o mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!* [) F5 o9 ^% ~, k) F宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, & r3 _ K5 b' h2 A. D font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / y" j1 Q" v8 v) H/ p) }; |3 a$ b V* }8 i"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: . t# s4 S% w: F) w4 K" x9 Y! ^mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, ( p% n( B4 s9 C M# t* v, j( s 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, $ U/ J9 V8 g" Xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * M- E8 a% s1 ]+ D"Times New Roman"">“ ! {- H% A! i+ t2 {6 j, ]4 Z mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”( b: J* i7 i+ G12.0pt"> 4 a, g! h2 u% ~# N' q. O( c3 ]4 X "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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* g2 a; {3 D9 v2 b5 F5 r. D mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, . I' y5 o4 }, p' E A. [' G 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, 9 r) I% Q0 ^. G/ l# M3 t/ z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 h+ @* w3 |1 ?% a/ ^ d" _" H6 h+ }3 X4 F"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 3 |$ p7 I6 d" Z: v( L5 {+ | mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, ) I" S# r& g q( g: u# l宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, 2 X7 o: `. d) M) d! C4 Bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 v( b1 k1 {8 p. o$ a "Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ ) D& K" y- g. T Vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” 7 |( _+ W4 `8 l ~ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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# n* t8 d0 Y+ D 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, U0 ]$ \8 t0 o- J8 A/ a1 J$ `- O$ l0 i0 k8 f. `: d% h! y9 {font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . @' m6 V' j( \+ b"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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" [' {+ l# d" ?& a8 A mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, . d5 z) A ^3 O' L) o$ i" m- K宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, % v3 A, B( @1 r. [3 T) N: ^font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:- u7 {; W$ A# T3 M- \3 z7 S' z "Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, ; e9 W9 H! \. S0 Z, s5 D% z7 r y# G" j* s* F( imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, 8 @ f! Z; y4 o, tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:# T+ @1 H+ H i! j "Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,% X, u" y( w% q3 { 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, 0 ]2 l) A2 Z- n! Xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:0 ~- q. H5 n- U/ p0 P, N "Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题1 O$ T; Z% X& [6 J0 }: l2 I 12.0pt">: 5 o+ |9 D" R# ]! v9 J4 m4 g( l4 T "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: # @0 o, j- N& t/ B8 Qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% T5 {0 k' M% i- i) K Q "Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才% g$ c5 M* ~) n1 J1 I# @9 J! E4 \12.0pt">, # v2 a9 L2 B$ B b" \- I"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, ' G% Y9 h8 I9 b$ }- l font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ [' ~9 t! |8 D" ~6 U "Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; / s1 t0 D7 w" x- Nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, - U- a0 D! X, R8 N/ d% [! g 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, , ^: G1 b" `3 w5 q7 _font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, }+ o* y, }; Z7 O/ f8 Y "Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题5 M6 l8 C7 Q/ | 12.0pt">; 5 T" F# q4 \* G1 U6 |1 Y"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, % c5 o0 z5 t) W' X3 D$ e2 sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ `, P( g" k) |: E S "Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求3 U: k4 p& W( p) u12.0pt">: 8 S+ q& S% }$ A& P5 ]- x( L5 x "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; 3 A% R1 i! v! }$ @9 w+ kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:1 d5 s D+ C; i3 r "Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, 6 M. z4 @: z* G mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 0 A @- c4 _% n/ d0 Z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 m% ~/ p5 E! w3 N% z% @) ]0 d"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统; @3 M2 E5 |8 e( o12.0pt">:

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. C6 Y, M& [. g/ ^ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ * h2 e& V; E- H( q% B 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” , Z- }) n$ u, U# y( l3 W宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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5 ~! E* g3 C6 S0 Y 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总,( \1 u1 I5 h8 r/ x% p/ \ Y % e7 `# j4 Q1 s) ]* Y4 d/ ? font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & ^ a$ J a$ M- i"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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/ r9 S. C% n2 N1 ] mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, ; E; P7 q, u7 o7 V$ e; Y2 r font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:0 G* y3 y! O) W2 Y7 B "Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, 7 K; [6 F/ h. d! M/ J- C2 Z/ Y* Y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, 0 o* G' V$ i5 \) I8 N2 c0 xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % u7 ~4 w, j& t5 Y"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,/ O4 [* n6 }5 Z o6 ^9 R 3 Q" c/ {) E: v9 h$ } mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, , l3 r* Q$ r# Ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; L3 g' Q8 ] r7 `7 ^"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, ; G7 F/ \( w: X- j7 X* B mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, $ Q2 c# E3 ~& c x0 a/ ^ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: ' b, P# Z; F0 S2 N& Dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:; z( |7 {2 j6 H6 I "Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, 4 V/ g7 B* w- J: r1 lmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, " v* o: S" Q; \+ P* g8 V font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: @7 g* @' w; E2 }) x! ^6 O" @. P& M8 z "Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, 1 X) j) _3 a: N! O 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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$ t& f3 x7 t: K' S% d3 p$ a . o; G/ j5 d2 @( p0 L2 i0 V. l

6 s$ a+ Z( r" G1 K6 J; vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,- t& q8 A; u5 @font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 r4 H3 r8 u$ ~"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定* N9 H. q$ k6 J9 V12.0pt">, - l9 [6 z& X/ G3 t! u' l "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, # j% v+ I P6 X9 H2 p/ a font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:( D* p& r% ^9 w8 S" [2 @' x "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如: h0 I2 m# g9 Q2 R/ t0 B- umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, : H$ g; s: g! Y+ v: V2 X: F0 V" c 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, $ x' f( B; U5 V& X3 [, rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:" L. E: {% s2 a( `0 f+ S "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, - z. F% G8 e* d! Mmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, - `1 C" n0 N- I$ B. I/ L font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:' L0 j* T- p* n4 G "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: 3 Z& A' \% x. |! g宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ 5 Z& p. _' i. b* v, L 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, & T- o1 U: d+ e& |* H: S/ h$ B! `font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - ]9 W9 U+ [ M8 y' {"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊

 
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