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漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

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见习秘书  发表于 2015-1-5 13:23:16 |阅读模式 打印 上一主题 下一主题
 
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$ O& r) c3 N( [+ i O# l; |0 X mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, % H+ Q# }! T8 r; a宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, ) |$ X# _5 }: h( G( E$ Xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 j3 O8 g" X$ {6 Z"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, 4 _# O7 h/ n3 v( k$ o" o4 ]9 S 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,5 E8 _% k7 ^( j3 _1 \9 @font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . n# |1 b' a3 Q, w- E"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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9 v' }# r4 ~$ e# L+ m3 a4 n# n- f mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, " ?$ J: F! U6 U# n 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, & w- h# g! m: m1 a font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:8 n: P3 z" b4 i9 @$ b4 y "Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, 2 E* h% r; g; K6 b- T# L4 v7 Z3 {8 ^9 |- D vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, Y; K, T v: f2 B, @( P t 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, 2 n* G+ V# f- a5 K" `: H; _ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 ^3 L6 a c, g2 k"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, / U! I9 Y4 K: Ymso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, 8 Y5 |! h0 {6 k$ P宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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1 P! v4 ~* f- L+ n" B$ o宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, & n6 Y: h ?3 P# `7 O. @# W, C/ l n3 y# X& O font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 N5 |- h \" `"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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5 p3 a& ~$ h- {- A/ Kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, % A0 f: d8 B2 w+ i9 M% c R 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ 9 h- X7 E9 I4 w2 y. w. c5 A: k宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” # f% d& V, \ Y1 ^; E 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ & i. n# O; R& D3 k& P+ n 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” % v: L2 |3 R) ?; x7 ~2 @8 k 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, ! A \( X& ?4 v0 E7 bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:2 D- C7 h6 J& ] m "Times New Roman"">前者为因, 7 l3 {# ^2 m9 Q, D$ R7 s) k$ y T mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, / ]! ]+ Q+ Q: v; E9 ]5 p font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:* @- S) Y* J. |7 i7 n "Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, " f; P2 ~" Z% z& f. Q& U, P3 r4 A% n, K1 y# {3 x$ vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, @% y; i0 u( j/ v 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, ; P) _* ]% G( F. R, G) n U+ gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & n% ~, w$ e2 O3 e"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, z$ E" o9 @8 D( y- _! |宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: 6 U* n! R* ]8 I2 X, ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:' q) s3 @' L: g1 E3 j "Times New Roman"">“ ( ~. i1 G" C I# P0 K. O d+ k mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? 1 D/ T7 `" J7 U0 r 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” & |3 x( f q5 S% K ^ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, 9 U# \4 Y! d: c% g; v sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:2 l; ^# b4 R% S$ {8 S6 A. S "Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:9 G- l }) E, s$ N! x ; n9 p" g; w2 y2 x5 b; [0 Jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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% V! f, e# p# ^$ s- Q mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 / F$ O% ]" a0 ^4 `4 x7 D3 o宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, + g2 d* _, a% f3 j c$ Q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:8 T+ x. ]) d. ] "Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,0 e& c1 F3 G h2 C; g , P6 l; C9 ~5 v% Z n3 [mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, : k: O# u$ E% A! ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:. @0 q/ R5 Z. D1 M- u M3 M "Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, 9 j1 o3 W9 U4 n0 [1 o8 g: q a mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 2 S# U, ]; ~: O8 O6 x mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里, ` h7 j# f+ A* B; h; j9 Q mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 + N5 w: A* T5 f& h3 Hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(1 l" H; F5 o+ {2 R, \宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), 7 {2 S! v3 `$ w" a2 S. q }font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:2 D5 U; B7 E$ Q- g0 N; W7 \' ^ "Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用6 l9 q6 D6 a" K% U6 N12.0pt">, 7 H# M6 k' Q+ M, w5 I% M# N' I"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, 9 l+ O" I' |! Y! u( I font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ i: q9 K7 G p5 q "Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, , d ~3 V* S& S, I9 Ymso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!" Y8 |4 b- s+ v. p9 L4 A9 ?2 X% C宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, 9 V/ h4 V f4 W. E' T* {3 t3 Z3 S font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: , E" a1 J- R1 D0 L$ |9 M+ z6 V5 r: f X"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: # N7 m# L2 P' f9 e1 [. emso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, / k5 f$ V, d" ~5 x% @$ E宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, 4 R( L/ O3 }' S4 s! x8 t: t( G! Ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 K& S3 p; @* u5 H) \' y"Times New Roman"">“ 2 J) c, b& Z [* t. _) y' v, Gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”' x9 p. M4 E; N0 R, {+ v1 U 12.0pt"> # E* m4 V7 p+ s' @"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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, J2 K; o6 A( k; u- a4 B* ^mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, 5 I) ?0 y2 J) G! ~& z. _ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, 9 m9 I% C) y# K6 `8 C font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: R! U; O# U; i" b# i "Times New Roman"">即果溯式, ) _7 F. V1 v1 \" K0 J; A+ S# emso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, 0 D5 _# Y) |. y( i" ` 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, - |8 l/ B5 l$ v: W5 a# B& y font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . c' H3 }2 d P"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ * I2 [9 o# ?& j8 y- m0 Xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” ; e, N1 B+ o+ i9 z, W( ~1 a# L 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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7 P& G$ {" T5 U7 M宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, 0 Z$ ^4 m- a# z: t; [' b& ^2 {. s0 [: a6 `7 q7 l0 w# j font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + [2 @; P& ]7 d: U"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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8 N7 }5 J" x' j' d$ F' D mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, " M# y/ w8 U; b+ a 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, : G. L; [, {, U9 l; K4 `; n font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ b$ S5 C' p" {) \8 U [( y6 w0 g"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素,7 `/ ~$ c& N7 D! Y: x, X! ~: T % r4 _+ v8 j) P& q" T% p8 o mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, / Z0 p2 e1 z! c# Nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 u4 {6 E( B; Z H+ b0 Y "Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,' f# Y# |$ w, Z! h: f 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, * R! w& b2 n0 Q5 d( ? font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:. @) |: f$ h' V* _ "Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题/ g% `) c: z! V( j7 Y* h" h 12.0pt">: " u& \2 ~- a/ i! ] "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: ' t$ U3 ~8 m8 }3 J2 e font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:; |, y. H) c+ z+ v* `5 c "Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才# B4 [% N6 w. ?" X$ c12.0pt">, & k7 G9 m& S: ] z. X, M"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, . d, X* d: @+ X, c h& v$ M0 efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ i1 ^. `9 T. p* [ E/ f( h% \ "Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; & w1 B/ c5 W8 G6 O# r7 X# R5 g; x* lmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, : g$ v: W6 k9 O5 \% _0 | 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, ( o5 i7 U( G3 i# n0 x* f; A5 z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:! q% c. C2 r8 f1 u4 V7 z, V "Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题' b0 u. _# h7 R) i0 r12.0pt">; . s( x4 v2 Y* o "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, 8 x% Q4 `) o1 N& k$ _' ~ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 6 r. C" n. i2 `/ Z; A2 L, Z"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求' N8 U. h% ]7 M+ g12.0pt">: 3 w% ~! _. G0 }7 V& D- E; g$ e "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; * c2 p1 B9 V8 @+ K' O, i7 i4 ^ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + y! S+ [$ \2 y3 g2 Q9 g2 E; x/ P"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, 7 M% v9 M9 ~& q- nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, + m4 a, q1 o2 t8 rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& l- [) L, Y5 F4 }- q @; K "Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统$ N# D. G7 ^/ h8 g! R5 d m$ T4 a 12.0pt">:

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0 h: T3 D" ~& qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ & h4 i4 U: ~/ v$ \3 @; u宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” + ~/ c: O) S; w: ]9 ?- h 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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; t1 J1 k& g3 Y# X% I/ {宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总,# g; X0 A5 H' }1 r* B: l , [+ E- {- m5 n* r4 h9 Nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * H! y+ Q# C$ O"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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) q. `' x8 t" m( Z+ v* P' _mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, 3 [6 |$ K' R: L( B0 i& _$ sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 4 W1 S5 k: B9 L- A \4 y"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, ! v: L+ s5 A; F6 H4 t9 d7 B/ @ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, + M- x% D! J6 A, W+ q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:' r! w! t1 e3 l8 O. F( o" E "Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, 6 E' s# P8 q. l$ V2 Z5 f: V* m2 ^mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, , m7 [" u$ R! W3 W7 S3 i/ } font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 x- p, j6 D, e6 p+ l"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, . `. t, e4 I1 S9 E8 u K R mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, ' L/ J1 s8 o% ~宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: % A# _2 Q; R2 H0 m& H, \* Y" p font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : i! H9 e+ n$ M1 [ R"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, H9 i* z0 Q/ ~4 ~' ^7 I* {3 o mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, ' E& ^: Z! g7 Q. `1 w% H$ b font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + h9 A/ v- m& @0 i) d: b"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, & F, r* ?+ y6 B; q& F# U0 }宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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R( V, b7 f& A mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,7 ]; m8 K3 l- e! X& S- d# x font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:- q, m( P4 e7 {( |# g "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定5 J; w% S8 q! q3 {" |* [& o12.0pt">, / i9 _5 F8 k' e "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, % f5 |$ }* H" vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 H+ g# ^4 U3 `9 @- ^ B) C"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:8 B+ Z" ]& v9 n5 p; p* ? mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, ! H# R7 h' T) ^$ _宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, $ l. ^+ Z% L, D1 Cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:2 D/ r8 S9 V! d4 F' h: C f- ], [% W "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, 8 s! d, k& m) L: s8 f mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, 6 ~% {& ?/ p) i& H font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / c$ M8 T6 b: g$ K. v" d q"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: ( W+ |# W) i% u4 k. k3 o& _6 W宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ + q* u+ w" J6 y$ V3 k! t$ o 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, - _; `8 m/ J: n6 b7 e font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: S- O2 Z2 |0 e9 I4 b% N1 k "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊

 
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