漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

4 q" R2 Z8 q* t$ e5 Omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, $ Z Z! R9 k7 B6 D宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, * A. y4 B0 h: a1 R: `* t* h& Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, / O- }8 }" r* Q( x 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,! [6 a4 }$ T; a. a% P2 G2 xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( W5 S6 h9 T$ A"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

 

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w8 c7 I" v6 s" C+ H, R1 xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, + f6 p4 b2 D+ a* q0 i 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, ( c/ p7 B. q$ Y; c6 @5 C' tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! p! V8 a' a2 \0 g& r7 f6 |( t/ D"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, + F. ?* A. G( e# a mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, - Q2 S! }. J2 ^ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, * a1 ?, N: c5 f/ X$ O& ] font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 q/ I+ @* C- i"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, ; {- \# ^. |+ O0 o; ], |' \ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, % V D" r5 {) D& K4 e4 ]9 N 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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) ^2 L( l. C8 X" Z' Z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, 2 ^8 [8 l$ M( G, q3 K5 b9 D" P& Gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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0 `# i4 p1 K8 @- [6 Amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, 0 @4 S0 c8 L; Q4 Q& I' g# d# x* ?2 {宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ / s* @+ ], E% I& M宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” & {+ }$ X! d: P" S6 B9 o1 {# L 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ - q! o; A L; U& x8 _* c宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” ! t9 N6 o* U0 [- B 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, $ c2 ?7 t1 }, y$ s7 |( Q, s. F) F font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">前者为因, ) Q7 y; M$ |( n! B) s7 tmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, 3 K e; z6 u7 k, Wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - V& w, r' _" D( g$ x! Z8 ^"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, - i+ ~* H/ T7 _7 K& c9 w8 {2 T" {8 g( b8 S$ E+ h) fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, / u4 f; l0 w$ ^. O! A: W2 u 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, - N; ~4 v1 [% n3 I w. Afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * b5 b; Y) s! a; _% P8 r: B6 b"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, * _0 `0 p" S+ w( Y, D5 l& W0 J 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: / H0 P4 W- t+ Q( V) l1 kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">“ $ B9 b* n- }; F( A mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? 8 u- C) H5 C; N8 @* ^ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” 5 o; Z( |* x, S9 D# e% D宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, * A9 I# |0 b( N' l9 r0 j font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: ! @# Z; d0 G5 [" g% F6 e/ W8 D% \$ b8 ?& i/ ?( _9 Y# dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

 

1 }! _: i' a6 E; O* h" Z" K5 b a# ~ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 * L& O' I# z) t3 d" }2 T宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, + _. v! N: \; q% e* X font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, 3 T3 [' t' e5 h, _) e' D( X, [; X/ g. s' ^mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, b, ^! {3 D) i5 r: |. h% B$ g font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, , f& i& {* G" d4 p; umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 + h. Z1 ~ }* C; N+ t( `3 M3 [ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里8 E/ Q+ Q& g" E4 nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 $ A- ?$ ^3 _+ Gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(/ h1 ]# e5 {; w* G8 ? 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), 4 s7 e8 T0 w5 c- i! w# U( M( Z9 U4 Z7 } }font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 6 t- g. L+ V- i( B; e" G"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用1 q( ^& J+ X- x0 ^12.0pt">, / R. _! u) D9 E"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, ) m2 N$ k/ T, E- L {1 Y2 ?font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, ) C8 R* u2 v# Q4 B, Q* F- N9 lmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!$ U7 O. u2 H w2 B6 } 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, ( x, i& Y. V$ }0 H2 W5 y4 _) V font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: B' d F% `+ j' C"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: 5 R2 U6 [8 Z" V' l& |; X: Mmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, - }; h- w: s; m% a* P 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, ' c' e x% J: x' Z; V: i7 g- ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & [3 j& F5 ?* ]9 m6 ?$ U+ X2 N3 B" f/ T"Times New Roman"">“ + B8 x, ?: D7 ~ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”# e; t! a$ p& [. ^2 w, _- _ 12.0pt"> $ [% J/ c# I1 T, `"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

 

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+ S, ]+ T9 J+ F7 G. q& O( @mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, 6 F" x" j8 K X* |& ?1 W6 A$ E6 H宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, # ^& r8 t+ a4 ` H5 w/ f' Sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) h1 ?( A4 J2 {$ b( n# e"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, # @$ \8 ^' s5 |' T mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, ^' M) m/ ~% T h. E宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, 2 K2 P; O) m% w+ D# y9 k. [font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! z1 c8 l9 A5 n* m2 {0 X- S% `; v"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ 3 Z; X1 \( R& I mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” ) ~ b ?$ E6 ~ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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+ T2 ?" c! p, ?# Q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, . v- U' x. u( E0 d# P8 ?, s9 }; ^/ pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; g! t) K+ s z' x ~* |$ H, Y1 J"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

 

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! q1 H# R3 s, }0 w2 ]6 Zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, + M, h2 s2 G3 \宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, . E- Z% k) A! o& `8 I9 Y6 T6 nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & ^) B/ v$ I' A0 S# K"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, ! v/ y- v+ @7 M* F5 b, d8 q" a7 O- `- Q mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, * g+ c6 m: r+ @6 E% efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,, }; M" y- f3 n. Z; y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, , _. M- ~0 n2 K0 N+ c/ A$ ?8 Lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & g% B8 A( Q3 S6 K, p8 W"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题6 a; ^/ K s/ Y! t' Z5 W- m1 A9 {% q12.0pt">: ! R; ^" _* l* H8 E( [! [; ^4 j; p"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: ( p3 P# _% [$ Q( S0 K3 E8 v font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! o" m) D1 _5 n' ["Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才1 F7 T' N" ]- D/ c0 K1 Q' { 12.0pt">, : w; O; ]$ G* t$ [/ V7 ~ "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, 0 p6 g/ t. ^! G& ` font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; 6 X5 L/ w. V; z9 xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, # f2 ] a: h; s. M1 m6 T9 J 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, + m: l, N7 a7 g2 w: k& L font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - H5 g" T- c! p$ |' e"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题( }; b: n3 a5 N+ ?5 C& b 12.0pt">; : u7 W- M/ c8 _" T7 O "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, ( m1 o+ |1 L, E* Zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求) t- [6 d- {. M( G7 A6 t12.0pt">: / t3 n1 H9 T0 _7 V( C$ f0 ^* Q: l "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; + m" H" }9 F+ ]! j/ u mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: Q p* S( U; A j0 B$ g% l F"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, " a' o5 P* B8 X$ A6 v1 n8 Wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, ( S# o; g# J7 t) b1 Y# v font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * b5 r1 ~9 Q5 K! C"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统8 r. J: k! F; o12.0pt">:

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# p+ l* k0 f E; ^: wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ 4 M* M( S. k# u宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” : A6 R m: u2 e. X) V 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

 

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( D" h5 `9 Y$ ]7 u) n# }( q: Q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, 7 Y' g" t6 c I( i L4 I+ R; K! y7 c+ v% {# Zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

 

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8 T0 ?2 M5 C7 O+ W& i; wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, $ Q! s3 ]) n; G* r* M8 h' x7 y font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . N) J3 f, l% `6 z, q+ o7 {$ ]"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, 5 d7 S+ q/ e X: M) R宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, % x2 ?0 j. ?, R. H" Jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " j( F9 [! \' M! T, |6 }" O"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, 0 ~, d8 v4 u! O/ r0 [: { mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, / [/ x5 P- Z e: y, _$ B+ afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! r! V; G( [) K0 I5 a"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, + f) B1 M1 _% Y' D' q8 S7 f mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, ( S# w7 s& C) q x 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: # c# m8 f$ l& m9 S/ I4 X0 ` font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, 3 t4 y0 f. u) _* S% M) q2 Ymso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, 8 `+ q1 t* i% Y' Y4 \ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " Z- g/ @4 p0 R, W"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, + ]# @9 X9 D3 ]. q4 s( h, F* X宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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/ U: m& x1 K$ | mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,( z& b! q1 [/ m font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定! ]) q5 [+ g; i A# @+ [ 12.0pt">, ! M v$ P7 }! t$ X6 \7 I+ B4 K"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, " h! W1 H3 h/ g) Y font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; X" z( z$ b" v$ g; `"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:7 ~( y* }0 R- S. _& m% _' u/ imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, # F# L, R: R/ g6 ` x3 i" I* z3 O& L. y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, ) e c* t' |4 S/ [9 i, C" E, J font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, + s- d2 q& X; k7 u5 umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, & J- o, o) l w: Q- @0 X Vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % S& O1 O ], K) @& g, ?% {"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: ( S# C0 T% Z2 b; W宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ & v1 Z2 Y& A3 V/ e' X: A 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, , |5 t: l: R4 O2 V/ jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) y/ ^/ o$ d* D& N1 v"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊