漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

/ } W) ?' l+ _! Q# n' l mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, # E4 N- o( N7 B6 j3 Q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, 6 [- f# G- M1 `4 o1 W; ~font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, 3 C9 ^4 K, k% N* `; J# G! o 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,' k6 W3 b/ d& \: U _' A! c. Afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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# J. S9 d5 I% N mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, 8 L! y" h' z, _' {' b) ?宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, 8 Y" } _2 P- [4 w( Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % r6 \+ p: O$ m+ ?8 x2 A"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, " q A& b$ v+ x7 U; a: T% d: h1 Z& q% | mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, 8 f2 ]$ | L1 }! P 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, 7 l& t7 B* o9 N, r" v. A font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, 7 o3 M2 `* a! `8 ~; x9 n mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, ) X# t" p- I8 A8 G# ~宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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' F! Y0 f7 W! D. j4 Q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, ( N* h( {5 z# X( t$ }; d6 Hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

 

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8 X `) w3 a2 c3 m mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, 7 ?( e0 Q3 K8 y. e$ O' l宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ $ T$ J" q+ T8 j) N. n# B* g) c% q- U宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” & T+ ?( a, |+ F# |6 K6 |, ?& l# | 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ 9 N1 c4 q0 e. T ~6 N8 }宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” 6 @, f. z- R9 S" f5 j 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, 9 O! W# I' l% n8 ^8 H: I font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & O: i# c. _8 P: m1 n5 T"Times New Roman"">前者为因, # T x& d, J: s0 p4 ~1 A& Y' fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, " F0 ^' A$ w$ m( y2 Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' @: P9 R$ m5 j, r1 u3 K"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, ; k! P c0 b/ N. ?! \' f! t. r! o' i1 j& Q% V& ?mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, i1 w- e& K4 e3 X' J) X+ r宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, , a5 g+ Y& ?* M; h9 y& U font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & k: I& q( |* E$ k; n( h" C"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, ' b" ~, Y# j+ J) T0 u- k. n宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: # A5 e( b* Q- n; Bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">“ : P2 w6 q/ R( F2 {' |! vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? / E' e# R* J& A8 b! j4 K宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” 3 G0 }3 q+ a. c7 A+ o% l 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, 7 J4 |7 b7 {% | font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: / I) L: p5 E7 j" d' h6 U. ^6 D5 I' f$ t- Z2 P" v# f8 Dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

 

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, E7 ], a% S, [) c0 O+ c# \, V" xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 : b$ l; i. {) c 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, ' M0 Z. N2 o5 _ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, 0 }# v! I A* ]5 \: z8 ] P6 u. ^5 U mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, 3 Y" h. d- O" q# _8 U# B' R5 R7 a font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, ' a$ I. ^9 N* z5 w3 {- v: e mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 7 T" W5 T- B; Q8 a2 ^% `4 ] mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里% f. h' V# [7 M* R# h# E# F mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 ! x, R* v! F8 tmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(0 Q) _# u3 a- `0 [3 Q7 N1 L宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), $ U4 D, T3 v9 N3 W$ W font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用) |! b/ l! y7 O1 s. ~. j 12.0pt">, J$ C }- H- C; j "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, 8 ]2 X7 }# c4 j9 b3 m% r- C7 Qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, 7 m6 }9 u3 q5 b mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为! Q7 }* Y9 D3 a 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, W' E" q+ i1 X, M9 d. S* K0 zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 6 z S, p* [. H9 j6 E) u"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: 5 L( S& {) {( E6 G/ Jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, 7 @1 f" I4 d4 p- z 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, . N. N6 X! q+ G& u* P! L j$ sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + h' H( V+ u5 o7 w/ C4 ~7 M"Times New Roman"">“ 8 t$ g. o# v" f. V5 B' E mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”( w# Q8 k/ c! K5 W0 _; B12.0pt"> 4 R" ?' E% _3 t4 @9 Z"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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9 z7 u6 f }, { mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, / Z' D8 e# x3 b6 I) h1 \' o% ?( R宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, . J: o H1 G7 O8 tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - |# z/ y0 R- F% K"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, ; L l0 M3 Y1 f mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, 0 g( N/ a3 M( {8 l, j% `7 [0 z* v宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, + c0 }/ R K6 N! e; g font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # _* v3 ~7 l9 r/ H9 t7 i/ h$ V"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ 2 v' K1 }# c3 L. K" [mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” ) T# y' T2 @ t y) e- M0 y 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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0 c% q, p, ^3 ?: g- v; M宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, * z: e! M) ~/ {' w0 n1 Z8 L# H) [0 }# R2 i9 \- Nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 U& R f! W: y& l. ]% C$ |" [4 @"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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t) Z/ x9 Q. _3 _. v. vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, / y7 V; b8 ^2 M7 I/ y 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, 8 u+ M: X, k$ _' y9 Rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: , P& V/ _3 O! A9 j! M8 a"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, 8 _" I9 V. N) W3 wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, 8 A0 P! X/ h# y9 e# B7 _0 h# [font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - }5 G. S; I2 P8 o) X# r"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,5 ` L* e7 r# Z3 r3 Y q! i 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, . a s' o# n; ^' Efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " e6 \. C8 S, p6 T2 i3 O"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题/ a' s& R' _- Q. Q12.0pt">: E }8 a$ [3 J% L' R& `2 z"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: ( K" G. H9 ~8 t+ R- t6 Nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 V1 ]! W) Q# a"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才0 Q) F) j( l6 w+ ]6 m; E6 a, Z 12.0pt">, 7 ?0 D3 a* J0 l% e# Q "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, ' u$ s6 n7 M* ?5 L, D( i; b5 C/ { { font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 4 k% ^6 F9 f# c' ]1 T. M"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; 3 G; k% m% V* d/ c mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, / d# z L$ W+ z9 z) N+ x% N宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, 3 y/ u* f( U4 u, I font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : o2 w0 ^. g/ \; i% A" D"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题" R6 @2 @1 H/ S, j; z* p; b 12.0pt">; 2 |: N: o6 k/ [& O8 q+ D; \"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, E2 L: |. }2 lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 U; G2 _7 u8 H# Q1 ~. ?% |0 {"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求, z: e! h# Z; O. h- ^! e: g- d2 [ 12.0pt">: * J% J, H/ K3 \3 R% c "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; 9 t9 a- d* O9 O. i- _7 Y+ m/ q+ Ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, 0 D) w I" u# O. D0 j mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, + }2 z( k$ \ R0 M! w h( G9 wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + p. j4 S4 {3 l& w& d"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统/ c, Q* I% e6 _- ]8 N9 N* U. t, V! I 12.0pt">:

 

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) V! o! D- S+ ~; t( @ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ , y$ k- V. Z+ \! r 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” 1 o* b/ S5 L! a 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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5 a; X1 ]4 S1 d8 B+ R; l7 z 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, ) P' c; \$ `3 o- C0 d, J9 w/ W, N. u9 L: y. ~5 Vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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1 L( s9 L4 d" J) ?# P' f) ]2 u% r6 @mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, 5 M' }- [0 G4 q8 N* ~ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : s. t* K, Y6 ?8 D) g% l% L"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, $ b, f3 `5 J% J, ~" I( o' z5 D. \宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, 1 Q$ u) d; |3 Y, H4 w font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, # I7 x I4 W& s' Z5 omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, # V! |1 y# ?3 p" @) J$ W font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 6 u* n; n3 m- q% e# X6 C6 L8 Q7 P; X' Y"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, ) S! l4 i. D$ p1 Y! Z0 q" ?1 X8 J9 ]mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, 8 p8 G' S! {/ K6 b 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: # m9 Y: Y, y: @* H/ f9 \9 zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! f1 x0 L9 g- V1 K6 \"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, / k0 r3 M& {0 G! C0 T. M mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, , N% W; y8 v4 L9 Y0 K) J) m, u% o font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, ! \( Z% @, j' A) _宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

 

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( C9 f N+ o( c0 p6 cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上, ^2 b$ j6 @1 J p$ r. S" P7 [font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & ^- H, P# q$ }8 a9 b: ?! n"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定3 \1 u. A8 e4 z4 k! {, q 12.0pt">, ) P6 P- \4 D1 A"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, % d+ f" {1 _+ b2 kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:5 Z" D: l0 H/ p" @& I mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, 6 F& |( C; M; M9 P/ x 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, 9 `; {/ E3 T8 n. B' e* l+ ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ v( {+ W8 ~4 l/ d' Z"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, % {0 m2 o9 E5 l mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, 1 V) `# D5 r( o& Rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 p Y; v* C2 W" H8 s"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: & n7 K( X4 q! `宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ G$ }. @( T" H6 } d+ l- j宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, " M$ j5 {- ~" e6 G( D3 @' E$ C font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' C1 v9 ]9 u) g% t0 @% ?! v"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊