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漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

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见习秘书  发表于 2015-1-5 13:23:16 |阅读模式 打印 上一主题 下一主题
 
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" A: p$ n- u5 E: z7 mmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, - V; X: a6 ^* S0 R& O宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, . p" ^# j* T6 s3 k font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:* {% _' V' t; L8 d# ]$ [+ R! m6 j! a "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, * { g/ c/ E% i 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,. f; o- J. k; }9 ~# Rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:; _& G2 b! u- j "Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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0 V1 t- ?8 u1 kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, 5 f6 m" H+ A) _ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, # t# G* v( T& e+ x' e font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: a' J% W/ Y9 z, F2 a( ^5 h- F "Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题,. X, z$ G9 P& ~* i7 u5 a % Y& c; ]- E4 a/ U3 u mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, 2 Y( Q6 q' Y9 y! h! S8 a 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, 4 K5 S& x0 Z' nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& ^; Y' z5 m6 L7 p' A "Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, 2 ?+ f, E' U; c7 i i* B mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, 6 ?% M/ _, J( h' Z: ^/ X# m4 l8 j. H宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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4 X) F ?& G) M! G2 F {0 z. O宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因,% q) H8 i7 x. ]. D) e * P0 D; A8 ?7 Vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 X5 j6 H5 @- O J- }"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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: V- r! H t' |. c mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, 5 W4 F$ ?( b- m1 X7 S- ^ t 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ . G' J* w L" Y; E+ X 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” 8 Q. o0 s/ V! W* O. i; _宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ 8 e; h5 g/ R! O. [* v* _: _; g3 }0 V 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” $ x/ E! [( o. c p" X) m8 n 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, ! {0 \1 X' n1 C) ^" sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 z8 O7 c) ~6 v"Times New Roman"">前者为因, / s } w1 \( s, D& imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, * C- Z6 e1 J' L8 a n5 l font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 M2 {% @5 G" b2 |- R"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, ' W7 H6 e" V; H' g3 S8 H# |% N3 ]$ r1 |. \4 O( h3 I mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, 9 U# t( d/ B# |* O- p4 L 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, * I" @" P6 @' T8 G+ M font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 K5 q# `+ S& H "Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, . {/ _% ^9 j* i' p 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: - J# M; F( Q+ \: ? font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:* o! l1 [- C" D+ v* f+ j e! }- M& B "Times New Roman"">“ 1 j9 [# x( ~ v9 o3 I* n+ N( imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? ( M# W7 i2 A4 f3 T 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” ) T# T8 a/ K$ i( |8 r) D4 A宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, 3 o$ `& P4 G5 Y! C font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / Z" \; h( a8 ?3 K, H1 B3 _"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:# U3 ? m& `3 R: [8 V- h: ^ * G2 J. U0 @0 P1 Hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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" X, M w8 y4 o$ Nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 + L V; a) m: h5 H- Q3 A9 u 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, $ I3 c5 ^7 ]! k% h# o0 yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:( `; X; Y* F! ?7 ` "Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, 5 N9 E/ z1 G- L8 A4 d+ e" {9 x' t6 f) ^* L! W; d8 r, I' Ymso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, - s* D/ f/ ]$ L, hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& F5 u0 D! O0 u3 N "Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, 8 Z3 A5 S. ?6 }% Vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 ( J% ~* f, j* J9 W. {* V0 k mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里& a! X" x! k3 e @; [mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 7 B8 p4 i7 I- R2 R- M. P- i; ^* Pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(' V x b1 u( a" I) O- i+ B# F$ I宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), 3 L5 t, q3 f' p+ a# q4 rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: , l! u1 j4 q4 J+ z. E" q: U"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用! t& O5 b. U8 s12.0pt">, ) v& u( I- m# W4 i& {% q! d5 K "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, % k( T1 |$ T7 q7 L! g9 c5 Ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 c5 G+ E- L/ a9 v$ a I' I* I "Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, & z5 [7 Z6 J* h) Umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!) \1 j% I/ Y$ g宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, . v0 w" y) Y& m+ M0 Hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: q: K* G. S0 X1 z7 y( [ "Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: * a2 y3 }- \7 x' a8 p. {3 R# i- c$ | mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, ) X. r: v& w' {" w. R$ O宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, ; _/ @5 Q6 O5 G5 }- [5 Vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 V* l% {6 @! p. Q! z"Times New Roman"">“ / }. N% i5 |% J' qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”4 f2 j2 }# a4 }0 |3 h" a" J12.0pt"> + V% ?! f% I! `4 h# p: r! f"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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- h9 u7 Q0 r) {7 lmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, $ _8 X1 D0 d& O* u+ ^ s5 f+ {. o5 e宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, . w9 E* P3 l3 @6 K4 ]5 |7 F+ u7 } font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:2 g# ~2 |6 L" ]' \0 q/ u3 d "Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 3 u1 V3 q; _' }' y3 W mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, R. v/ L8 v4 x- a/ {4 W8 V( l 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, 7 p1 N& g" _0 r6 S% ~: bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:- a% a$ O/ Z" g: V "Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ ! t, L: k% j4 ]/ Jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” * i2 Z( u4 l1 \5 M: \1 x0 c宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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( E( X- C5 G, _+ F% Y4 {! A& Q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, {; ^; C# u+ ~5 d% w4 Y7 B' B# C; F Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:' Z* ^! q9 z- _# [' d "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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- N: D/ Q4 O& v7 ]& v( A mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, ( s- H+ G3 |' f+ ?# O' A宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, + p5 W" h3 j! C5 S9 V3 V5 n: Z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " M- t! t/ h# f. Q+ d. e"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素,8 s4 {' C7 z# g) M8 I : [& g0 L! y p* R; v- N2 l& amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, $ Y# U1 P# [3 @. K# A; T9 u font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:; ]/ {3 ]: K6 a" t: R "Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,8 d* G4 b( k+ K1 m0 m' `! ~ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, 7 p0 q: I {0 m4 t9 m) b' _font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:2 H! V' M' [ Z2 y1 E+ u/ @3 H4 x "Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题. n2 v+ l) A2 r. Z4 e2 q12.0pt">: 5 ` x; l$ G8 R6 d; E0 H' u "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: 9 ?4 m* G" I/ q% b font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, X* c! `: J0 d& L7 f "Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才; d8 M7 k8 }8 i. N12.0pt">, " U& b, J* |0 k! l7 B/ F' _8 R"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, : _6 |* E0 b; s W font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' A% A/ l4 o. L/ b4 `7 V"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; 8 e& w& s5 N/ o- L mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, $ U. G. |. M9 d- B9 E+ L宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, : D! p9 W- p; s6 o0 E% @font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / }0 x% ]% }8 \- h7 K& d"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题' y& s6 e- G' O! N; P# A 12.0pt">; " r1 \2 k( a( B4 `3 J"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, $ u4 N# c( V! U1 w4 Vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 v1 o# }; k9 f"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求4 T/ b2 ^5 Y8 M, E. D& D* l12.0pt">: ' m# s7 @0 ~0 r; ]% D2 R "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; . D& @% \/ j; v3 Y: D font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 K! a- J- f. }7 C* `"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, : y, |, a% V5 V+ U* ^/ W* |: @ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 3 `6 o2 w+ d6 o9 w: w% ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:2 y( T% l, X8 E% j5 ^ "Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统( a2 `2 R% Q- m# ] 12.0pt">:

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; {! c' Z) s* R. x5 t- ?宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, # Z' K$ O0 w' T2 o0 N" P% D. k4 P9 `0 {font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! K3 r/ s: M0 Z1 O"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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7 m" i0 R+ G% A$ g. u( `& }mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, + j% t$ |/ \1 T# \ V! Ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 Z0 J" V4 a" c4 Q4 m' n; P( R# w2 V) _' E"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, & l# ~8 X; n. t3 y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, # D& D i( ^2 V/ S* O, @1 ~font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:; K! M: J5 v: Y( b7 j/ J5 i "Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,: c: ^8 T4 {4 ?( r; ^2 r . H6 I. ^- g: D' x* bmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, . Q: M7 v- \4 B4 h7 |font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ z6 L; m$ a* D& Y) P "Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, % P3 s {4 d5 p& R6 T% H; gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, " e* Q. I- i$ L( a { 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: ( U f" `8 M O# ?+ Q3 S4 F. M; kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 6 C9 R' U- X: r) ?* [, G0 F+ R"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, ' s& F5 Y) d2 @" H mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, 9 }+ p9 v8 v9 l# h2 Wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:1 b6 @* \) R& D) f1 W "Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, : }' q" q& q5 } L宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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4 |" h2 w( Q5 k% _ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,: M3 s6 \2 x$ H" i3 O4 G' qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:- ?* Y5 j# G% w- d% }: n "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定: X; [7 g+ G; s2 X3 p P; E+ A12.0pt">, : F7 H& k3 M: o2 { P) I- l: ? "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, ; I# E+ C. \1 t! g2 {2 g8 ~! q2 O* ]8 vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 F- p( Y! a) s8 }2 D# S$ _1 ?"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:, g8 H3 B/ W" q/ u! R% Z* V6 Gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, + k& c. y, W$ p5 Z1 N* [: D宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, ) j1 x( U2 A+ N7 ` V) `3 N" I font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 N" }# L2 b4 y/ {7 F9 f: S"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, 0 ?0 D" X! S7 K; }* n/ W* t mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, - m+ p) s! [* H# _ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 c7 g: X6 ]& {3 p "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: # H4 e5 K! z- r" u* R+ h; h+ u宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ 9 S2 `! k8 P! Y: R8 g. \宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, / L1 ^# j) m1 C" J0 ~5 F/ qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ W6 L, I. l& g "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊

 
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