|
P+ ?' f) v8 _' ]# A$ k9 cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, " c* z' S2 \; |# ~! n5 I3 L
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, 5 H* k) g9 W$ pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:4 B& u' S; g5 K- O0 D& e
"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, 1 s8 d, [. \/ q" c宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,, W7 }; M5 B5 Jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:8 m+ U( f' x0 G2 R# d& f
"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。 5 |0 r5 B. I8 A9 I$ Y0 j2 J e- K
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t2 M! q) J- Y9 ]# A% q* A4 _/ W2 e: [9 V: Dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, 8 F& [4 }5 O) ~: m
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, - `' B+ N) ~# _& Y' d, Q
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:6 g2 Q( j- m" _- {. _4 R% M+ L% K
"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题,
) I. Z% ?1 I S& @& U6 k3 _+ I( P6 i. x; w p3 |mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, ; W- ]/ b6 x" w2 D3 R4 g宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, - N. Y2 B9 g/ s# p" ]/ S" Y1 F* Lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 v0 J8 m7 r& u' D3 p) w9 k
"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, 3 M6 i: f; L& V4 T n. l
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, 8 s& Z3 v( n" q- \. h宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。 : i, l* W. a6 Y$ X5 s
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font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
$ v X: ]- y O5 c' n% `"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构 ( V6 [( _+ Z& f, J! X
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, ! N( V0 w8 c# G
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ 9 w: ]# \% v1 h* c& ]( Z
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” . O0 ^9 n' h/ u( I! {0 U
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ ' ~: X! D( ~7 o, {3 Q9 k5 }
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” 1 r" Q% @: f' k$ v) W3 O! C宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, : G* `! J+ x/ Q6 h0 t/ W
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
5 v4 N4 J& w" d1 c"Times New Roman"">前者为因, # M* g- j# Z4 ]: t3 t6 T, M
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, 5 ~3 `$ `/ y1 f9 g1 b4 F& @: |font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
: }5 `" F: |/ i# _"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,( F2 t; Q1 D2 g) u# j. l
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, - @, j/ }; \& Y' x7 T8 L) E
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, # {2 f* @+ f9 L V9 P
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
2 }/ j) @, a- X F+ g% B+ Z( K"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, * O/ g" O* `* _7 Z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: . A s# B4 S6 t& q( u
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"Times New Roman"">“ * T# y6 F% l& V( r" j& @& o" x; Dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? . h0 u) S3 \% T/ H宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” ) d z, q; f* N# U4 I# q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, ; j- y, D& \! j! U7 H! H3 U
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
- ]3 N" o2 d6 B"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。
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' b V. r4 y4 P% Q" m! W( |& X: L; O; T. m- T5 E# Smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 % v4 g4 x. W# J S宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, 7 G! @4 ^7 c8 Z+ c1 _$ T4 t7 f
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"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,! i7 [9 M8 R, y5 E$ _* T0 @, p
( ?% d; w: i: s- h$ amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, 8 ^2 [1 J( y4 k$ U
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:* @7 Y3 x/ |8 h
"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, 6 P9 P7 S* r/ ^+ w, [mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 - A- j+ X/ m* ]5 p) z' R mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里% D: l. d1 B5 W8 F' C% b
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 1 V5 _7 Z3 ?) J l* S4 x- y' \8 g% }
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(- Q! z' S6 W) p宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), ' S8 i6 Q0 q4 K0 vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
5 K0 ]) z! `# Y' ` `- x/ ?"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用9 k/ l" f' }( n0 g12.0pt">, % L6 a$ O7 [6 V! [
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, ( q3 k+ F9 ]# a/ q
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:0 d% f: O* v- p
"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, 5 L: e" ^8 ]& m" s, y
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!( i' l" N# [2 C3 y9 T% A宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, , s) ^( O" U) s1 {, Ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
5 Q" [7 m. J; q* g& S3 j( q"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: 8 I& a2 g& `8 I" E# R1 \$ Ymso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, 2 j/ y+ x/ D% J9 f2 R# k' S宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, 5 h* P! q9 {% \8 P
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:# E- q6 P( O( Z0 g& y
"Times New Roman"">“ 7 X% u% {1 V! P! d h
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”3 y3 d" T' T/ \# W& u, A* ^! {! O+ B12.0pt"> 8 u, y5 r$ @9 s
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。
B8 ?6 v& v: m/ A3 T# D6 W2 _- D1 w* p3 ~* v4 \" @
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- K( I2 E* b6 S( ~' D( ^1 T* |# b$ e3 @5 O0 W4 y5 u; umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, % r8 D, t0 l. `7 c; H宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, : O3 Y, F/ ]5 m, b' pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% C# v8 J: h; ]% k
"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, # s( B7 |0 z$ j' y! c! y y- Smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, 9 Y' N: }5 x! r) P8 B
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, . r# h" E; J, n- @% S$ O, m
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
- d `, F# ?1 x; V& }6 `3 N"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ 3 C7 W. V5 `# ^# p" vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” 7 n$ }4 {) U; n) B8 E* G( ^
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。
1 t& A* p( H/ B$ S
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# K/ o0 _ ?* Q) j宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣,6 [' H% h" `$ x* V- [: [& a7 S
8 M: t5 k: w s; _2 {/ n# C% I' ?
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:8 i2 X3 K, a/ R V! f$ L7 J9 ~: d
"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构
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& q1 Y2 k- W, u# C5 l2 i1 wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, ) p# z+ \+ [& y/ V x! `
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, + F9 I& z# |# Q- N: w+ i1 J
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
8 o8 x0 ?& h _/ g"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素,
+ m8 H; I/ P' }: N2 J- t7 @8 k6 l' ~( [
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, : i& u: h; m. K6 U
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
6 O! O! q- l) c; I- d"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,6 d4 X* k( v9 u8 J W, i: ~宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, ' S# v5 m A1 {5 F% l0 t( f9 b
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
|* j& {' [2 D9 q; u"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题3 C% V! E8 ^7 K* u) b$ Y
12.0pt">: $ F" _) Z6 E/ b% C' d
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: ' y1 e# S5 d; s- C1 [font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: f5 j9 e8 j( I# N. v/ L: O* u
"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才( Y" a- p- _5 ?# e J1 \1 D0 J12.0pt">, . ?0 Z# h- b4 T8 w% J( p"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, ' {. S4 o" h: u/ ?7 F) X' `- efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% f; U& U: j m4 J2 N
"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; # d4 s$ s7 L( z, ?5 Z3 c
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, ) p, j! H. c% j2 r5 A
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, - L9 {) {$ J$ G! q1 I9 O; E
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:1 t+ I! `1 z: \$ s
"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题. H" R, T: t. u- r7 l/ `12.0pt">; : `4 Q. _5 ]# M+ r: g: J"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, 7 e6 ]3 _5 t- ~; h
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:6 v, v- U2 E7 w. D4 e$ w' a& \
"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求3 @9 _) L7 }0 B' D% m2 J# V12.0pt">: a3 ]) {; s2 G: K5 _8 A, H8 c
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; ' m$ L% W" C C" S" Afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
; F7 x" r2 z8 t1 V8 [. P) ^ {* a# ?"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, 3 Y, s- J" n5 t& S9 J; D# v
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 1 x# H- `1 x% w/ Y* r% q0 W& Kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) d; Q! w6 Q8 p
"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统+ X: Z: b( N7 ]% t
12.0pt">:
8 u2 M& E! q7 s' z# D. ?6 ]0 D3 E& C Y9 y0 \5 a- \8 g$ p1 d# A
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ * C* r( v4 M" r9 d# ^* E
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” 2 P( {8 V& B* p7 Z3 u& u宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕
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( R) c0 ]5 w4 w0 i6 H M7 ^* W. @; _+ U! e! ^; l2 P; V! ]
( T# |( v7 f* V8 G4 @/ S% Amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman""> * X) _1 j3 x; W7 T7 }9 k
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman""> % Q3 ]( `+ j% q; s' A O( L
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宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总,1 B+ N4 T" O0 X
: |( e. I5 S+ }) `font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:* ]: A* v9 V! }
"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构
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, P4 l; T5 s2 Hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, ) z- }7 B9 a0 }& jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 x8 q4 V' ]/ S5 i6 n
"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, , L4 N5 P. m- w
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, ( V u1 e1 P9 |$ z+ Q9 i5 wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:4 z( p! S' J6 X" y0 G& R
"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, . x( U6 z$ H, D. C& I. _$ G9 Rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:4 N, m" f X5 B3 z2 K
"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, + o/ J, e5 l6 L. k. I7 D
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, / w4 c3 u6 M7 M0 C* y$ P9 L% }
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: / p+ a! e! E* s* U4 M& n
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% X' _& |' h: R3 ?2 E
"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, ) z+ Z" {& |" K4 jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, , \4 m* Q7 o* Q' m* T3 e0 @5 Lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
- I' G; v( O( q$ F"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, 3 |6 m7 h* y! `1 ?9 j8 D& B
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。
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* r( G) a4 [. k+ w0 Y) N3 f/ ~9 H7 }. L5 G. v& {9 u: j
- P% R9 N% `" D* zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,# C3 x" T0 \/ Q& L
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
2 J! j! Z9 g1 L% X" R"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定: a' L& Z5 F7 |12.0pt">, * g2 P* m! y( r. K1 {"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, 1 P! R- o4 l" E$ I$ |! x c1 _0 C
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
1 T0 G, L$ E4 K9 M' D, e"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:% M* u K' ?1 E8 L K( Dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, / t! X" W+ c5 r' ]宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, - v# j6 e# E1 e( f6 G2 T, P6 o
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
, |/ U+ w5 @, }. R. c: P; W9 G"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, \# V. Y' d$ B; ]) p) {2 R6 Emso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, : J- h. R! i( d# d, l3 h2 E
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
1 O! g/ Z9 b- `& Z% A"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: q" ~1 C1 a: D( }- R6 u
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ 7 C% z5 s E$ L$ c q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, ' G, R8 o1 Q: a* Bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
$ A d3 O7 e, z"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊 |
提升卡
置顶卡
沉默卡
喧嚣卡
变色卡
抢沙发
千斤顶
显身卡
300x180 AD
