漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

7 ]/ a* [6 I3 d4 N9 n! H: A c0 m0 d3 @ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, 6 Y$ r/ K, ?, r: ^# K7 X 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, % p" y6 `- _: A2 G font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 b& R j* R" o; d"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, ; D" J1 \8 r" V4 ~- P宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,! o, I- A$ M& H font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

 

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9 Y( W j7 u& N P- v( O& g+ dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, ' O. m- C: d5 \宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, 4 p. V k& Q( z& r. T& y font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 F0 ~. r: U" z. ^0 r. J"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, 6 c* X: o* H2 @* V5 u6 ~9 C: j- Z! u2 L5 l5 P$ j1 l# o+ y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, 1 H5 v1 M* e) b. b5 R1 `; J 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, . g3 N/ ^ }# G/ h, e- Mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - F( E' t5 r% m: s0 K& L"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, 7 y1 r; w5 A; S5 n5 j mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, ) G6 P) q+ u4 m, Q. q/ E 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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9 M3 |& P9 L! g! Z5 x* V* \6 q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, : X2 m' X9 `) _- @8 K) O9 D# ~) x- j { font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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, }. f) K- X8 | mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, 5 k m+ I" y5 ?# c宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ 0 r7 S1 X- [- I8 X6 }宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” ; y* f/ ]: V9 J 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ # {$ l# g0 t3 m" Q# f3 O 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” + x; b0 I0 J( n8 X C* Q; ]宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, ^% U$ v" i R! _$ n/ b5 } font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: z4 z7 I2 {" v r# Y/ c" u"Times New Roman"">前者为因, ( t$ a9 u( z4 r- N! L' l( m mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, 4 D' y! @3 ^4 Y$ m font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, " D! P: j; _8 i; {* G mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, 0 ~/ s P3 C) ]0 H 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, 5 c1 f5 [ X0 H8 u# @ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, % N" R o. {4 v; I) V. W/ O6 U宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: , @! E7 l5 v) m, d font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">“ 8 A! A/ ?& b1 O, T) H- R mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? 3 M8 b7 D i' }- B6 S5 b+ G宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” 1 i) ~8 P) @2 g) y9 z 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, " M, G8 L) o; T7 |; y- [ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: 7 k) S: R8 i% t# I) o( M; l7 K2 G/ l4 |$ [# O! [5 S( t8 Z mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

 

5 z _ w3 _% O1 U! Vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 , H( r. p' L+ L# N; ^1 C- h3 P宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, ; J0 N; v& |. o+ Wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, 8 ^9 `2 _6 q) l$ B! @' S9 V mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, ' @1 X# q% p. l" g$ y; g$ S/ Y* [font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 J% w7 r! |0 G6 P5 q' h"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, $ E1 K4 {, Q# H* j6 \- G mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 " d% J1 A1 H# F# s4 [9 O% i mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里. y! C* {4 C$ z4 |" _ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 : _6 G R: m6 ?6 g$ {- j mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(# S4 |1 v0 C& w% E0 W 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), . Q8 V0 v6 J/ c% o, j+ Y5 S3 J% A6 zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 [* ]- a) _, W: E"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用3 f) q5 Q/ R q 12.0pt">, + P% `6 ^3 I9 i% o/ C+ Q# @; W7 M' _"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, 7 H$ F* f6 x [7 [* j' V, Bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, 5 P0 A' Y$ A/ j: U. [mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!7 D1 i; d% G* n8 A宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, $ P1 _# k+ J( x' D* V* K; p( J font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: ; c; a, A: U. D mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, + A. v* n; q3 k& s& o6 x; ?$ V& {, d 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, * K9 _6 ]5 ^5 m2 {5 G* wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">“ ' V/ ^. T$ W4 [& l mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”! n S' l5 X/ a! q/ k# x 12.0pt"> 8 Y4 C2 S7 {0 }/ K7 ^% R4 }"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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; i+ q& q w: e! h mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, 3 g0 I0 Q" [6 R. k8 ~! I 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, * k. w p* A7 q" ^+ a font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 \$ c' }4 O' M! B; X+ t"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 4 H' l: D% S% \$ Q9 U& y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, / M" g d% Z# X' C* g 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, 1 F0 j3 G3 o. Y) m. sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ $ N8 r% I9 f- `2 Gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” 7 t5 a+ J$ K3 B4 \4 U宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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: W$ @# C# u, J6 M4 g, S$ l, L x* t, M宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, % h3 }1 d( T6 K- c" \3 V! [font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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- i; c4 Y" C6 _" I0 \+ s7 r p mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, 9 v. K/ c% g4 ^. R1 e4 o1 Y# V+ [& l/ m宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, . ]! x: [1 @- ?5 bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - b- l% h( X* G$ x" L$ [' ^ o"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, 9 V6 Z- s: Q; [6 L) a; ^4 p: V3 {8 w( W( A( X- @! Q( E mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, 0 _* p5 l' T: I0 h. A, hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,( A9 }2 O7 n" J. i5 {3 z ^ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, , ^ M- }! t$ | ^4 Mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题% j. U1 `* {1 Q$ W! B! `' M& `12.0pt">: 3 _$ s8 M. k/ {. R. o& M' @4 [9 H"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: " e7 |) ~2 u6 w" r! g font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - i3 j; z5 J H"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才, M0 `7 U4 n& o5 w) q0 J3 J12.0pt">, 3 y* K: i+ ]2 W% X- D' D% { "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, & P3 l% V" }! K4 I, s1 q- X1 n, qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; 5 }6 \* H( u4 M9 K! P1 r mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, 8 ]7 m% P3 x' @) K$ t+ D 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, 4 R$ D2 P z* s, g% B) nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题. p# i. q1 j7 F) \* o 12.0pt">; , O5 t. f. a- q3 \4 R "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, ' S5 [; ^/ [1 U font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求3 j& r& c; U: E12.0pt">: 1 m, [, L' @& z' `7 b "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; 2 u6 N+ w1 I2 W' |( a font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, 0 H b# G3 f7 `! i) Y. c1 Qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 2 R9 B! Z4 p9 h0 xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; h' l4 m" E# g"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统8 m+ {. u2 C1 B- A0 W6 w S, N# [12.0pt">:

 

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* r4 r. C) f' G `, xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ 1 g; q( c1 J, D' G) X) J 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” : A0 C% j8 J0 j: e+ b4 d宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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* ^" C- v& G# Y( i$ [ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, ! O0 Q2 p' u2 l8 Jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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6 G4 y( A# G% {, Dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, : G$ L) W D' {. q+ x( qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & T3 k* {9 i7 n, d3 ?, T) c8 T"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, + c- p& S3 [6 x- U8 _1 x, R* F宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, 7 C i0 k8 R6 d0 r5 S0 V* b, s font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 h3 P* O1 s/ b' _7 X, i: a" ]"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, , w5 t4 S2 K( A( V mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, ! C2 E2 f% D7 T3 x# ]# t( lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 | e+ I8 a t/ N9 ^! q8 X E L"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, 8 e2 L _/ L1 D8 b' ?1 O/ \4 i mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, " }$ G$ ~; ?6 Q, B7 ~6 K' V" e宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: ' i3 K( t- M+ K9 c o$ Lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, 1 w/ r9 L5 ^2 x& e$ l k/ ?mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, / d4 v, d# v6 C" V4 z5 Nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, . k6 X, J' S3 Z1 q# I l! l宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

 

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. s* l# R7 v+ A- v3 t; c+ Hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,. D5 z& a5 u! s6 X0 r, p) h/ jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定5 q% Q/ Y h$ h! \% n) X( }' ] 12.0pt">, # n1 ~0 e/ h( Q9 X% Z8 e/ Z "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, 3 C _. b( H; s4 q5 |' Cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:% J- a6 C: Z2 r/ ?) F& ~ omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, i0 L d' g, ?宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, 1 W! F' ~9 x0 p9 [( \font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 |# o1 ?" m& I. F7 L& q; F"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, ' k1 r w% o; Tmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, % U( J- Q6 Z3 t# G8 t3 [/ E1 J+ C font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! J! L+ E7 G" W; i) m7 y"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: % b. T* z9 Z) n2 T. M 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ ' d) G; s( G# J1 v/ d 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, : C% |& ^! C9 u font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊