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今日下午，《论语札记》作者贾陆英老师继续在老秘网QQ群“重温经典读书会”组织大家学习讨论《论语》为政篇第2章。有贾老师的热心授课，我们的重温经典读书会已名副其实了。昨天老秘网新开了“公文写作合议庭”版块，也期待大家积极参与。这里，老猫把今日的聊天记录整理如下：
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/ i# z6 F7 x9 [Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">各位好，星期一下午有事未到，让大家久等了。特致歉意。今天下午，我们学习讨论《论语》为政篇第 k4 S8 P- c/ M: D( {8 e, vmso-font-kerning:0pt">2) s& g* L$ F4 z5 D
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" ?+ s$ D6 U* n& W2 gmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰：思无邪。1 L4 L) P' u9 M0 `5 _mso-font-kerning:0pt">"
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8 f& o2 s2 q- X/ E' `Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百：《诗经》实有三百零五篇，三百只是举其整数。0 ~0 _# i9 l2 i9 x3 z' K* i& Y
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6 r5 C, ~4 r2 X9 Y smso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">：概括。思无邪：《诗经% {+ ~8 Q. W9 r' w- i' ^
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5 k3 B" I# t; h4 O8 a4 Gmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">駧》》上的一句话。原文的思字是语助词，孔子借用这句话把思作思想讲。无邪：纯正，没有邪念。- r/ f, \; @7 m' r/ z5 t4 P8 z
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) e* E% d Y2 l: s; Hmso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》三百篇，用一句话来概括它，就是( O/ ^, T# P" L& v7 U" P" O0 _
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">问：孔子为什么极为重视诗教？+ n2 J% C/ c F0pt">
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6 T- J! F! a% w* f4 @- yTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">答：本章是孔子对《诗经》精神的概括。孔子曾经说过，吾道一以贯之，指出他的学说有一个贯穿其中的基本精神，读书学习，重要的是要把握这个基本精神。一言以蔽之，就是一以贯之的意思，" k0 `4 F$ O2 g+ s' b6 V0 ~/ h/ ]
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( v* m5 f# n+ @( B! ^. cmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">就是贯穿于诗经三百篇中的核心精神。; d( Z- V; N f( H' C
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3 q, n; Q1 t6 {( l5 w8 KTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">孔子说：9 j5 N& \5 E$ ?0pt">“. w) l+ B- h5 ^ I1 O# M1 p% v+ N% bTahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;
3 ^( n3 e- L J5 a9 ^1 vmso-font-kerning:0pt">兴于诗、立于礼、成于乐 A/ J' @1 i1 @6 Y0 F
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">泰伯》），兴于诗，强调诗的教育之重要，所兴的是人的情感。立于礼，礼教的目的是使人在社会上立足。成于乐，乐教的目的是使这种5 p0 R' l/ _$ f- C/ o: X6 J
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">最终得以完成。古人讲的- p5 R, |1 f0 U6 T4 O
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! P; e7 ?8 {6 Mmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">乐$ w/ M1 v/ R! q+ U4 @, t, emso-font-kerning:0pt">”8 t: L) |; }1 x9 e' ?7 @
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，包括音乐、舞蹈、诗歌等等，诗歌是运用有节律、有韵律的语言反映生活、抒发情感的文学体裁，孔子认为，就教化的功能而言，4 r! u+ a. H" L' L" Emso-font-kerning:0pt">“% p4 F8 t7 C, @$ d8 r* Z" U i/ Tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
( h9 t& M' l3 {8 k( r' l8 Jmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">乐教3 N0 T, @3 b4 P) i& Y9 G" j. R" P, `mso-font-kerning:0pt">”+ K) c' Z% C5 t3 Vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma; S! e( I I: w& t& n
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6 z0 K/ ^+ b: B% s; Lmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗教) h/ M' f7 }% ~* t# m, k$ [5 Z1 N
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+ \7 G4 Y1 f; l g+ W$ ymso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是一个人品德养成、人性完善的最高层次。/ g5 N9 E# J) k6 Fmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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6 k; R( ^! T( }8 v6 eTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》是中国最早的一部诗歌总集，经孔子删订，收有从西周初年到春秋中叶的诗歌2 A F, `! U& v& b/ ]# }& b
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">篇。孔子特别重视7 G9 ]6 r2 J' n$ ~. z
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$ u5 H7 W2 W& I! p2 n* {mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">对于人格完善的重要作用，他说：- t0 q; ?/ d+ }, v/ b, cmso-font-kerning:0pt">“& w9 `' I. e3 p/ p/ _% J1 C
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7 {1 p" s7 H- E+ Ymso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">不学诗，无以言。$ ]$ \- F8 Y$ o* gmso-font-kerning:0pt">”+ r& ~1 x2 ]4 i0 ~7 o2 L6 H
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1 x" q1 f$ o* N5 q; W R" lmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语) J6 N& G. Z: kmso-font-kerning:0pt">•4 K: P8 ?$ [( D4 r, V, Q: y, `font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
$ Z$ g3 X6 `9 A2 Gmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">季氏》）. n4 L: N* N8 K/ q' x* g0 b Gmso-font-kerning:0pt">“% A' r- |9 e: V! Dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
8 g0 B) U+ N- w, q: x% c8 wmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观，可以群，可以怨。迩之事父，远之事君；多识于鸟兽草木之名。7 H% n) ]( [2 y4 i$ q" T! Lmso-font-kerning:0pt">”& c' l7 S* N4 U/ S7 {/ i+ _# Wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;- Z* e4 j9 a) ^5 B0 P
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4 O4 [, v0 A3 U- H) ~. B Gmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">阳货》）由此可见，孔子重视《诗经》的教育，一是在于学习《诗》的语言和文化知识，二是通过0 }4 G1 k+ S0 h2 h( n
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! V& e* C* n; r6 omso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">兴、观、群、怨( H+ M) j7 j. Z7 J' z
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2 E7 ^; B% q) k/ w+ c4 S' Y0 ~. dmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">陶冶人的情操，并对弟子进行事父、事君等政治思想教育，使人$ N( C* N. w& j# _4 a% i0 M
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* T# i5 Z2 G |/ C3 F( l( _mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">思无邪. L2 }6 Q- \. [mso-font-kerning:0pt">”) n9 {1 N# D3 x+ k' j& @9 O3 g
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1 U/ [% _) Q, x; K' M. Bmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，遐思而纯正，宁静而致远。5 @# d" c. k, S; O* H' \mso-font-kerning:0pt">
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- L) `4 q7 a+ G5 }mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">睡虫歪解：诗歌三百篇，用一句话来掩盖，就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女，女想男，教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊，就说，人家的思想是很纯洁的。+ a* p6 N/ R, R& \: O) i' H2 O
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; z7 n# i8 x1 ^Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗歌三百篇，用一句话来掩盖，就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女，女想男，教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊，就说，人家的思想是很纯洁的。9 F# _2 {6 i8 j x" V4 t' G2 ~
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: C( N" v0 ]# D7 R5 Jmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">此乃, X: Z/ ~* E R$ umso-font-kerning:0pt">“, J+ F5 f$ d) @, E- @& C/ a4 Dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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l+ W7 W3 I3 s* }/ z9 S8 J: _4 J/ Kmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">。诗经确有许多歌颂男女爱情的作品，那时的社会风气是开化的，孔子的思想也是开化的。这种风气被改变，是后来的事。不可用后人的标准衡量前人。“我把贾老得罪了”- b/ z/ q I3 @8 @5 Ymso-font-kerning:0pt">——1 R- A. I5 o a! |0 R
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">开个玩笑，没关系的。4 u: E |0 X+ O4 X
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观、可以群，可以怨。% g5 ]" R8 I4 V
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: d/ `9 _# ~3 w" x7 y. Omso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">学诗的作用就在于7 m6 U: Q+ b7 h! a c T+ Z5 f
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨. U1 n! O/ D/ `
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0 |- B! D7 y2 }( [/ L. V8 k: emso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">四个字。所谓7 m8 ~9 U$ r4 }& fmso-font-kerning:0pt">“1 G7 X4 q1 D$ z
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以激发人的兴致，培养想象力；所谓# g/ P+ z% c s* A( o% A& F
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* Q- k7 b0 o$ fmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以多识鸟兽草木等大自然之物，提高观察力；所谓% p2 J, `# x! X4 f! x: E# \mso-font-kerning:0pt">“- z5 ?* d5 S# G2 X( K N
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9 f3 B a8 Y ]8 Y/ Y" ^& \+ Jmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">群4 e1 Y4 T/ R. w; K/ c
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以涵养温柔敦厚的性情，提高在群体中生活的能力；所谓 [3 N! v. j8 Z# ]
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨8 Y$ C3 C0 i5 O. I8 Bmso-font-kerning:0pt">”) K# _8 ^% Q& U
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗还可以锻炼9 ?7 |0 w8 Z6 l# X$ L2 r
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) m8 y8 g2 Q4 r' Kmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语, w0 X/ z9 s" P: H" C+ i D6 h6 v" p
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+ M. K* S; H! O: C6 h$ X/ vmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">八佾》）的胸襟和品格，抒发心中之怨，而又能$ H( f1 K W- u( |7 n) z, @
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《朱熹- g L) E: Z. p+ E4 E1 b1 @9 dmso-font-kerning:0pt">.. l: ^ E1 S- z) J
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">论语集注》），恰到好处，合乎中道。总之，学诗可以使人5 Y7 M% x* q# o
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5 b; i i% {" j$ F! b0 ?- wmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">思无邪3 ~3 f9 M' u' Wmso-font-kerning:0pt">”; k: [2 b3 _5 P8 b- v* Q* E5 l$ Hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">为政》），遐思而纯正，宁静而致远。8 w4 d9 x; \( u/ @mso-font-kerning:0pt"> ) V" e% y8 \7 v2 |+ S
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">继续歪解啊：群呢，就是说物以类聚，大家有共同的审美和爱好，对诗经有雷同的见解，于是呢，就找到好朋友了。所谓怨呢，就是说看到诗经里写的这么美好的事物人物，会生出点点怨气，怨自己为什么没有诗经这么美好的生活，从而激发斗志。7 m) E5 [# A8 P# qmso-font-kerning:0pt">5 D, @7 s9 ~- G
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">大家是做文秘工作的，写文章，也需要提高文学素养，如能恰到好处地引用几句诗词、名言警句，定会使文稿熠熠生辉。否则，干巴巴的，没有文彩，读之无味。% E6 c+ s1 z$ K7 @- x9 e
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨，是否也指怨刺，有着对社会的不满和抨击，比如《硕鼠》《伐檀》等等. s- N. ~4 R* T) I; ?' m4 {+ _& kmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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Tahoma;color:#006EFE;mso-font-kerning:0pt">贾陆英：8 G& ^& ?4 o( f6 _$ W
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是啊，大家看看习总的语言风格，文学素养深厚，值得学习。
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