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今日下午，《论语札记》作者贾陆英老师继续在老秘网QQ群“重温经典读书会”组织大家学习讨论《论语》为政篇第2章。有贾老师的热心授课，我们的重温经典读书会已名副其实了。昨天老秘网新开了“公文写作合议庭”版块，也期待大家积极参与。这里，老猫把今日的聊天记录整理如下：
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( A, G- S7 k' {$ xTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">各位好，星期一下午有事未到，让大家久等了。特致歉意。今天下午，我们学习讨论《论语》为政篇第& f4 M% S: U; P b- U9 x* \9 z
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& o2 R! U0 `# ]9 z% y# O; Tmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">子曰：+ b0 M) m$ g" h8 y
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4 J; E& g% y! ]mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰：思无邪。& M6 }) p% l9 E8 {
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百：《诗经》实有三百零五篇，三百只是举其整数。! C, R4 y% K7 I2 K- d9 l5 H; Lmso-font-kerning:0pt">“) q5 w' v( t9 e9 r# ?& t# y3 yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
5 A( e$ e' M5 e, q5 Rmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">蔽" ]. @' c: m1 Z; h9 b* x" W5 z
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">：概括。思无邪：《诗经$ ~5 m! @6 m# _6 f3 Z% z4 K% dmso-font-kerning:0pt">•2 O8 j* z) N& a2 s# S/ k5 X/ }font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;1 H1 L' X6 Z9 |" j0 V( ?
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">駧》》上的一句话。原文的思字是语助词，孔子借用这句话把思作思想讲。无邪：纯正，没有邪念。) M' Q8 O2 T7 I: H6 dmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">思想纯正。- w" t3 }7 z! ~1 E" W U, ~( f+ D: A10.5pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">’”
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1 I7 N$ X8 g2 d& l* ] sTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">问：孔子为什么极为重视诗教？( W( m7 L. c/ o, c0pt">
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">答：本章是孔子对《诗经》精神的概括。孔子曾经说过，吾道一以贯之，指出他的学说有一个贯穿其中的基本精神，读书学习，重要的是要把握这个基本精神。一言以蔽之，就是一以贯之的意思，& f* Z8 f( p( Q# u# ~% }
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">兴于诗、立于礼、成于乐: c% H6 v+ ?& a1 r9 w9 n& Q
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2 I7 }0 ~7 C; F/ G6 V0 y1 Dmso-font-kerning:0pt">泰伯》），兴于诗，强调诗的教育之重要，所兴的是人的情感。立于礼，礼教的目的是使人在社会上立足。成于乐，乐教的目的是使这种' E, Z( g. E. |0 |" L0 m: Mmso-font-kerning:0pt">“% ?/ q6 i* ]: }: B( p
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">最终得以完成。古人讲的) r: o$ D( G; a2 g9 imso-font-kerning:0pt">“9 g- d% s- s3 I' ?/ w
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5 O( X3 K* Q( R0 wmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">乐. ?$ H+ N) i/ [$ T1 omso-font-kerning:0pt">”- r- o% e3 n e7 O! H/ ] rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
; f# d. _& Y# E, Wmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，包括音乐、舞蹈、诗歌等等，诗歌是运用有节律、有韵律的语言反映生活、抒发情感的文学体裁，孔子认为，就教化的功能而言，8 G$ j- U4 \% H5 X0 |2 h9 X
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是一个人品德养成、人性完善的最高层次。0 q2 r- S+ m5 Z) Amso-font-kerning:0pt">
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》是中国最早的一部诗歌总集，经孔子删订，收有从西周初年到春秋中叶的诗歌8 L: O: c7 B5 a: `# h$ S& I6 V5 _mso-font-kerning:0pt">305; i' y+ b0 o( U" i
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( A- m5 P7 R& ?: l' Q4 E2 S4 Hmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">篇。孔子特别重视 z7 ^2 u$ I2 |$ Pmso-font-kerning:0pt">“" G0 o) @/ U- l: `, m5 Q' C& [font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;0 h+ Q. i9 z0 M6 q1 y/ @
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, r; S5 P8 J& I1 gmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">对于人格完善的重要作用，他说：1 g0 N+ _0 `5 T8 z7 E
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& ?, d, |6 m1 Umso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语2 o, e1 J6 s/ u. N2 x5 Mmso-font-kerning:0pt">•& z, s. b% N( l9 Q) U5 [4 O& Z+ n6 q/ v& J
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">季氏》）9 P7 s: U# H1 K" Y* \mso-font-kerning:0pt">“) n$ A, l5 D) P: K8 a9 O- ~font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
: H6 \: `% d ^' C7 N- {( M$ Omso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观，可以群，可以怨。迩之事父，远之事君；多识于鸟兽草木之名。$ }9 c, l; {( l8 l7 C' {2 `0 omso-font-kerning:0pt">”0 A& Y7 n8 `" \- X: H6 ]$ Q
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g/ [- q+ B( M, smso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语7 n2 }0 x* R! e |& \$ i4 Omso-font-kerning:0pt">•% K8 C9 n) w& F' J/ @9 S4 B! kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;3 ?' d- k. u5 S' S4 ?
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">阳货》）由此可见，孔子重视《诗经》的教育，一是在于学习《诗》的语言和文化知识，二是通过! E8 m% R( X6 q/ u& ?7 W' A
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2 \' V2 X4 e) T: Hmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">兴、观、群、怨' Y" A$ d) q, ~/ Z- C, q2 Gmso-font-kerning:0pt">”3 w& o; E' V0 o! S2 A
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2 I* L9 w- ?7 G* d% _: u, Mmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">思无邪) m: y2 N; r' E) j' L& Kmso-font-kerning:0pt">”0 z$ C* z* Q" ?, I
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. i, B9 ]; R1 m1 X7 T# [mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，遐思而纯正，宁静而致远。6 [6 ?6 E6 o- o3 a1 i2 Z g4 umso-font-kerning:0pt"> A4 W7 O- A X: ?
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰：思无邪。- @. K" x- P) @5 Gmso-font-kerning:0pt">"* m. S" u- P9 S5 h1 Y6 Z9 Vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma; w5 B7 K+ E5 w' a
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">睡虫歪解：诗歌三百篇，用一句话来掩盖，就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女，女想男，教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊，就说，人家的思想是很纯洁的。- o* L) v4 d7 |& S4 d6 S! ]0 K* pmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗歌三百篇，用一句话来掩盖，就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女，女想男，教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊，就说，人家的思想是很纯洁的。& ]/ Y" Z; R* Y1 S' h S( A Z4 {
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">。诗经确有许多歌颂男女爱情的作品，那时的社会风气是开化的，孔子的思想也是开化的。这种风气被改变，是后来的事。不可用后人的标准衡量前人。“我把贾老得罪了”1 O( l+ H/ C# z8 zmso-font-kerning:0pt">——& g$ d) f1 V5 Z) s; n) g& a
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6 q* n3 W7 {0 P* S+ _2 r% o* J& w6 Rmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">开个玩笑，没关系的。 @) Q2 N+ r o% E* @1 bmso-font-kerning:0pt"> ' N( Y& b; Q) F
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3 O2 [- [ l7 P# F+ xmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观、可以群，可以怨。8 T' G+ n( K" l7 E0 [: Rmso-font-kerning:0pt">”6 Z+ [" m* M/ a; \
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">学诗的作用就在于9 P( u% o' B5 Y8 @) s$ `$ y. t; umso-font-kerning:0pt">“( q# [- @ z: c2 L) p. |* N$ R8 j" [" N
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: I# G: d5 ?1 k; C6 u1 tmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">观! ~, Z2 X6 ^: r( ~' Dmso-font-kerning:0pt">”6 F' J- ^ v* j% F( }font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;+ @% O% W' c a$ T- G% m! _
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">四个字。所谓; @$ U& Q& p% U' C4 Z; }. ~2 vmso-font-kerning:0pt">“4 ]% P# L! Y. ^, |4 {6 Y
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+ P% d( R1 ]/ l1 N$ c2 g: mmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以激发人的兴致，培养想象力；所谓* D8 W* P& H6 T! A
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7 | i7 ?8 T0 |( k& f$ n1 kmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗还可以锻炼0 U, T+ d0 u* E! l! z
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语; E' Q3 C, I3 K: n/ T! b8 w! K
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">八佾》）的胸襟和品格，抒发心中之怨，而又能, z; \& j5 }; C; Y0 G1 P$ @mso-font-kerning:0pt">“4 F# C8 r8 u* \5 {% S( h9 Zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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, }4 @: F* ?: T" e" rmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《朱熹. C4 h. z$ \& }1 ^ Y: U2 imso-font-kerning:0pt">.$ z% @9 _1 q4 i0 V) @
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1 ^# S0 m4 S* t9 X. }$ t! hmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">论语集注》），恰到好处，合乎中道。总之，学诗可以使人! M4 X! w# O* e- B# a4 c) Q2 cmso-font-kerning:0pt">“) e x) J1 R c# ]3 b, b. [font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;) e, ]9 {9 I1 P" T$ A+ _5 d3 B \
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. }% [& p+ S" |" m7 k: tmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">为政》），遐思而纯正，宁静而致远。7 ?: Z$ @0 r: Z% y3 L; ?mso-font-kerning:0pt">
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. x9 }% ~0 h2 X# c# ?7 QTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">继续歪解啊：群呢，就是说物以类聚，大家有共同的审美和爱好，对诗经有雷同的见解，于是呢，就找到好朋友了。所谓怨呢，就是说看到诗经里写的这么美好的事物人物，会生出点点怨气，怨自己为什么没有诗经这么美好的生活，从而激发斗志。: s6 _7 |) X7 ^9 y: H2 Smso-font-kerning:0pt">1 v6 ^, v7 c) D- e3 C
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">大家是做文秘工作的，写文章，也需要提高文学素养，如能恰到好处地引用几句诗词、名言警句，定会使文稿熠熠生辉。否则，干巴巴的，没有文彩，读之无味。. L9 w1 L. l* y$ mmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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1 J [. r2 Z9 L, h: V, pTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨，是否也指怨刺，有着对社会的不满和抨击，比如《硕鼠》《伐檀》等等! G, _8 M" o( y5 p1 B Y8 |/ {! Pmso-font-kerning:0pt"> 7 m# z+ d0 J8 ^6 j% W6 I
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是啊，大家看看习总的语言风格，文学素养深厚，值得学习。
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