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漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

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见习秘书  发表于 2015-1-5 13:23:16 |阅读模式 打印 上一主题 下一主题
 
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/ z7 j7 U$ ~& t' E) b mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, 5 P: |/ x1 Z6 ~% I; b; E U0 _: x 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, / w$ J* M* c2 E1 {1 L+ @ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:# ~5 k8 c2 l w/ R; d- R: J# S M* D "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, & H4 O, e, Q- H% [0 w 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性," n7 m: S# v$ I M4 {6 rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:4 T7 s2 Y9 f3 S2 b: s! u "Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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$ }: y, V, T& b. h: Nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, 9 g& p' t6 r7 L 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, 4 }3 G2 s+ p M; i4 d! J# Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 F* t6 ^! q2 w0 ~"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, / n# x# j, M' L. R" Z5 x& g# ~, j1 a ~! R- g/ D# J5 }mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, % \/ i/ Y& i! V2 D0 P% k- Y 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, 7 U6 C2 r( Z( `. g3 j font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, a& {5 ?/ z/ h J "Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, 1 w3 H& \. j+ R C8 ~2 k/ a( k mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, K' H7 m7 M/ m6 a! o; L4 ^8 m3 v宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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( b* q [: K, @" e" j3 ~5 [ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, ! S3 n3 `. r8 [$ n& O6 A4 _5 F7 v2 Z: A2 V- }6 j3 x font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 J2 t2 R/ E. K) g( p" R7 V* X& t "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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% t2 m0 `+ u& qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, - y4 @! c- }; l7 Q. N! C 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ 8 F+ y: k7 j$ D' s; _ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” ' }+ s2 L! q$ b 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ # W. }+ Q9 _# Y0 l- J8 q6 \宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” & n0 f% v6 F% {# M, R( P- v2 k2 F宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, F' k* w; I. D7 Q6 Cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! D6 d" u, w* i3 m"Times New Roman"">前者为因, * E6 Q5 H( ~5 i& c3 a mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, # V% f. z* C1 S2 t F. ~, W font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ x9 [7 g0 L H7 ~1 U6 w6 n. a "Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,% F! d# |+ o9 _5 t% c# Z( C+ p5 }( c 8 Y ~5 o' y m5 [. F& O! S3 m7 i mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, : Q% V6 a0 v) w+ H& u* X/ [宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, 2 Z6 [: a8 o2 ] font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % k% W" l& l& H/ {' x o, E) A"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, * Z# k6 v! D' m; Q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: & K( |: K2 H0 ^! g! e Z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% j4 M q* v" s* |8 ]/ | "Times New Roman"">“ / u( S6 s; [, s, I, e+ Z mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? % j+ D# S& V7 q* J7 [1 h2 p 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” 5 w* J# L3 k* g5 |# x; x; E 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, + I9 a% z* j' r/ h8 K& }5 ^9 ` font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ f7 V7 z' M1 x6 {' T0 M& F "Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:$ m2 J+ W$ g1 T( y# a0 I 7 N5 z+ v! U. h( Omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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9 ]) H+ ]+ T/ k: Y1 [8 j mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 2 P5 D& C( f$ k/ ?4 m& A) k q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, ( m9 g/ |- S& @* ` font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:1 i+ c2 O& o9 F) h3 t( Z% [" @ "Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,5 o# e; i* Q& ~. _ Y3 ^ c 2 j S% s8 K) N imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, . l5 @# l. H$ e0 w- k/ { font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 k9 g L4 R w+ G"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, * g6 \. h4 C3 p8 A mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 * }0 j- U0 g% k X- ]: g4 ^$ p/ o mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里6 w" R5 o1 L* v mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 % M& t* J' f3 l R' f3 p7 Kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(! |3 k2 ]. A2 r J: o宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), % w$ Q$ T e. d7 Sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " [& \% s# e8 L/ f7 L ]"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用- h- N6 u: ?, K: G9 U) {1 q12.0pt">, . f) V7 t8 C' k) b"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, 9 _/ w- A4 a# y# w7 _; B font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:0 K5 I4 j) Y( U4 K: d "Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, ) O ?- d& g# R" L mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!" C9 Y3 s1 z/ Z- M宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, + b- i! E) j5 ]. L font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:# T' i" h9 n n8 u# [+ H: y2 P "Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: 4 p" |0 ?, N9 F) M. ?& P5 F mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, 8 ^, h$ H5 _& k0 W# C) { A宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, * `* j% {: X+ R3 s, L8 Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 6 D; H% a3 d: r' Y* ?% y"Times New Roman"">“ " V8 m$ ?. q5 m+ omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”' W/ W. W/ m: p9 s" t) } 12.0pt"> $ N7 u G% ~. \' n& n "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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f4 F; t! ~- j, z7 w/ P& emso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, 9 X8 H4 U" G$ y+ h2 _) Z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, ! Q6 t% s! ~" K1 T. j$ c# Y( o font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; H& U* n" g8 n; M9 e) X$ d ?"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, & h& X) F0 _' t mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, , T9 V; v) f2 E4 D, F$ _" X% [宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, % X. q8 l% }0 b3 a- d% nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:9 [6 u. u; u- d- S! y "Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ " V1 P( [) e, j) s; n+ \ C mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” , w: m; b K2 z 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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9 d! \, M$ x8 a% D/ r 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣,0 O( Y$ d: C3 W/ S. p ; w8 n7 f7 J D! xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:1 A! x2 i% A5 S& Q$ Y2 e "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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7 R3 F2 @7 s7 v6 b$ a1 B mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, . h u2 E3 Q" t: w6 Q; f宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, . u D9 Z# T. `1 ?) U8 e font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: r( b3 I% s( y/ p0 S"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素,2 i% V2 G9 _; V+ b4 L - p# x: x( q" s" t mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, ; }" x8 [* }/ l/ i1 Rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, F; a [3 }- N5 a. W4 g1 p "Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,6 ~7 g4 v1 W# ~* e$ _, B1 u宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, 2 A) i* @3 r+ S. x/ I( d* J font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:2 e% ]* E' k. n7 Q2 M4 i8 o "Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题- P4 }6 [* H/ j' o& p: l6 P 12.0pt">: * u {, R! E* _5 ]8 ~" U "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: 3 P2 m! C$ C! T& a: L font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ g' [9 S8 v8 N) J8 O4 i "Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才# \3 t0 j0 ]8 J; C) U$ |$ |& |6 b12.0pt">, 2 o4 Q9 w8 a4 v1 e/ M" y2 M; s "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, 6 l; ~. R+ I3 d8 Ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:1 S8 ?0 @7 P1 z" F "Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; ! I0 Z" S1 @8 n; _, x( s mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, / G7 y, M1 K1 m x' d& K; G宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, 7 X/ w& @5 K+ w F+ B1 n( M4 Ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) r' z. J5 S! B+ Y% G! F3 V"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题0 a4 Z; Q! v) r3 Y3 { 12.0pt">; * U9 @& Q1 p$ T: j9 X# I"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, 4 q/ I5 j% H$ E4 e' ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:- P/ t9 }$ c) m) M "Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求* X' p4 L& a- X8 V 12.0pt">: ! N6 ?# Q1 n" k! P3 j "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; & @% K( @/ F+ _$ F% ~5 \3 \font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 W4 A! K/ s7 E) e0 V2 z"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, . m- j* X3 b" B" [' ~ V6 qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, + y$ s5 X. t# l0 z4 yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # h" L/ o+ x$ W" q$ G"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统2 x" q: b t' V W2 D1 I/ E- v 12.0pt">:

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3 n1 G4 a X7 z mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ . g! E" p0 D) J! I4 a 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” , I# F" g6 a6 @7 u& d M 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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- i+ U# T5 ?) l宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, : r5 Y- q z# p3 Q7 m1 ]) h, t6 Q3 Cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & I* q) G8 m! w( P4 N* K/ d"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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! e" w7 a) }9 F( P0 Q9 y# bmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, ; h: E2 U3 V) S( b: _; Z# r7 mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ }/ v; `: I+ P. |2 V8 l2 ?"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, 0 G8 F+ [, h" q: [% o宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, 3 s4 T; w" Q1 e# O6 Y2 g( [# e+ X; @font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : }4 ]$ S3 ?" e ]7 I& [ d"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,# o2 x- } c' r" A- V( T$ T* A+ p / O+ R* P! j9 c mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, . W2 v( R" I. M ^2 n" Q2 dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: , g) d {8 C; p1 w6 d7 G" }"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, ( M: t* E, {* c, l( P; F: Fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, Q8 l6 k; E; s L# B7 Z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: / K3 k U8 q* G6 T" I font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 `9 x |/ w8 v% _+ v "Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, 9 b/ v0 o7 L5 ]3 k mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, 4 I7 W, ^/ ~6 E% Z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - Q0 s5 ?4 k$ e9 H: o* b$ ]% X" \"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, 7 o& z, j" V+ z( c3 L宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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( i* b6 q- u0 o4 dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,1 z2 K/ x0 L; @ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . s1 ~* K0 n* S"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定 M1 C% e! m/ L% I2 n1 q! v! } 12.0pt">, / }2 J# v/ M6 X- t2 C i"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, $ \4 R; Q- ^6 S1 w7 [$ \ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:9 n f7 D5 E2 b7 W "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:* X& h5 h! n V# f( g mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, ' p# M4 I( Z- i, o& U# [ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, . I) B1 X- g m( ^/ ^7 ]! r$ ] B% Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 x% A- H! G- e3 }3 I, w; P7 Y"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, - H' F' z) M0 `) c3 W2 w- P; `; ? mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, ( U1 s, ^! F N7 efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; W: D) k6 ~4 H& d"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: . k8 i# B# D0 H! G# \ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ 4 v3 Q# I/ _5 }# L5 u$ V- c宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, ; l: M9 }) U g4 M font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: Z, p" C$ [* L! z5 l"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊

 
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