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漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

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见习秘书  发表于 2015-1-5 13:23:16 |阅读模式 打印 上一主题 下一主题
 
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5 p. o) F+ O1 w) D$ J$ P: o mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, & G7 E- a _( `, h- Z2 p宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, 8 q/ z, m# h6 N6 `) W: T bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:1 ^ j' ?' |0 n" }& A- H "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, 0 E- T8 z3 h5 R$ z G2 a5 N宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,# D k2 g. i0 y+ J I# cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : l" P! | B2 `) I"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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! d$ D: Z: ~5 q2 U# W& V% z: ~ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, " A: A+ `+ O& n6 V" S 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, % g. g! c' O: B* o' U4 v; W/ O8 w5 I font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ }0 j, ^- _! x) M2 f"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, 1 d% f3 v& c# V3 h/ A2 c8 J. V3 w& ]( h% ]mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, # _$ d- A9 L0 f$ }7 n 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, H- o+ M- H V, E4 Z$ r font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 G) V0 j! Y* l! ^+ j) w"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, 4 \5 Y& y% p2 ^mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, 4 @* d$ {. M6 ^! v2 N 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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+ K! y1 T; _& Q% v 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, ! `5 v9 c, n4 C, E( b& f8 p! Q5 U1 l, Y( P/ v1 @# }- Y/ f! Ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / s6 Y7 y. Z& i' |# x"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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4 Y1 c( G: y* P0 u" p* dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, v5 g! ~; x1 Z" F* f0 Q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ " c' {, [# I+ ~# P% g) ~. u! ~$ I 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” K7 B* }9 ^. F4 a( m宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ " r! B) X, _: J$ Q9 N. H 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” 4 C8 @/ f' ^" H" i5 [: S宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, + }+ @) @3 X' c) e6 y; H4 ~font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 w- W1 m2 q4 q0 f& ? "Times New Roman"">前者为因, ( z$ ?$ N3 U* {. J% S l# a3 W mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, 5 P8 C% a! Q Y+ F" Afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: s& V- W5 b) D "Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,$ F4 r% [; H3 c 1 z3 O2 \0 v) o$ ?3 Z. Kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, ) U4 x$ ~+ e! j/ f0 S6 w 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, 4 P/ _, u2 y/ {0 Y8 H! t font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ Z6 Q% T: f9 }% X1 f"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, , E. z M9 V& i% W7 u宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: 6 l1 p* s- p- V1 P4 r8 P font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 v3 B( H4 r0 Y; ^- Q, M"Times New Roman"">“ + R8 }/ b. e5 g, Imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? 4 j" R' [1 r! q# l1 x宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” , ~* [% s% w& U5 e# A 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, 0 z3 F! w. n/ X L& G4 L; mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : W! Y& F6 Q( b0 `- o1 B"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:' _" ~( ~1 n& Q- Z 3 m0 o0 P% b# u) K/ z* m* L' emso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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3 \/ m' R. j8 ^ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 ! _4 I' B: ?: Z9 L 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, + A; e3 _* @2 W4 P# U! C r7 e# _ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 d$ n* Z+ m$ V7 K* B l"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, ( Q3 h8 D* D) ^; S$ b* J0 k7 J) {1 [" r9 j! [ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, 7 Q2 C+ R9 R) u z/ y* f font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ ]' v2 f, ~( c# _+ e "Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, $ p: Y7 N! }+ t1 S* {9 o9 x1 x mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 5 W" k0 f! U5 v9 _7 y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里0 v, L* k, k& S3 e; F/ ?mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 0 E! r$ t2 n* k) y! s: U: j: b mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(0 P6 o3 _3 n' ]- [; J6 } 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), ' | V6 J: Q8 l. k font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " ?) B0 x' G6 M2 D, q/ c d, c& m0 L"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用4 B( W$ {7 s s6 P 12.0pt">, + t7 g4 B* S! T/ l"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, / K+ ~& g$ O" k font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 6 p y' N: G( @ N+ Q"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, * b) k) O; p/ ]) E" D% ?6 l% _- G; U mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!% r+ D) g" V, w: d/ L$ O 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, 4 G! c' k- g. C: F5 d, x* q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ l$ s- y4 g- V: a "Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: 0 u$ }1 Y, g7 P% U# Pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, 2 O6 V& W2 L9 w3 _0 v& s" L 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, - z' e. h! n; `* Y4 {3 |. p! l1 s Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:( ~7 i$ N6 ^& u "Times New Roman"">“ % V* d/ c: r0 b1 j( ]1 N mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”" J& n6 l- @8 P& ]! F* }* s12.0pt"> 2 Q. m& v# r# b# g "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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8 ?. D. o1 ?+ e$ M) F; V; imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, 0 Y; G3 ?9 D& X8 A3 y2 }宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, - _+ ^) g& k! [5 L+ p1 P font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, Q* P7 S/ S+ X* ? "Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 2 {. | ?; ]: `" y0 Z, wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, " t, N* V( z {% E 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, ]3 }* M3 _6 x4 D. i# cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! ^- t, k7 H1 K b' a) A# V6 G"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ 2 O* \1 y5 C0 Q0 j& U) Y# [ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” & Z+ G# T# r9 O( X5 S1 `宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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- m x L; }; a1 H4 F( o |宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣,' Q7 {$ ~( \4 D; @4 d4 J 0 A3 o5 k0 {4 U# _; h! q/ hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 N% X0 p9 E" N& c$ a" K) ]"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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! A2 U. r) g: {- P+ cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, 2 R) O+ f; ]- Z4 H" g2 ^ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, 4 L- p! u% a) F1 v% efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:2 d/ D# ?8 w( o. g# |( z "Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素,( X. v7 J5 T9 D. l1 h4 q 2 p6 u# b: S% @) G" A" D( S mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, 3 H/ a7 G E5 B- i1 X font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( P* e! G7 P6 O; J$ M. l"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,+ m6 E7 w' e- N" x- i4 j/ k 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, 0 t: e5 @/ P1 Z3 ^# Vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! G9 I( d2 ?6 Q) m0 O"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题3 |6 o0 F; D7 V- s; q; n 12.0pt">: $ Y( D7 `$ B. u5 t* m/ q3 q"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: 7 m( @6 W6 t$ z* h: P1 A font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( t. A9 I1 \- z- @+ U: J& m"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才+ l" Z0 O/ m9 n" i5 Z12.0pt">, 7 K* Z p2 I7 Z# ~% Y1 y* _ "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, 6 o( C- ]" Q8 P- W+ y" p+ Q0 N; Rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! r' G Q- e& q1 J( \, A+ E" ^' B"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; l" o# F W; g/ f% c mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, 9 {& U! `' p4 X/ ~宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, 0 V# x" J1 R6 f( X' X, Yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: w+ P, o9 a- [" T! a. N3 J"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题. `+ X2 n- O. m7 a 12.0pt">; + N. G7 Q0 T. M' E "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, 4 h; S/ D8 \$ S% j font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:- j. R8 P: i3 F3 |9 M# V "Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求* D5 |% r+ C# O+ z$ f, {3 s12.0pt">: # h& T/ J# o. D9 A/ I "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; 4 ]7 p7 q# d8 ?font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 I+ k3 j3 {$ Y* b' b3 X! o "Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, 5 x1 c9 i& J- F# i" D0 nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 6 t z; z2 Z: Q+ P) j" g' cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:4 \2 J, H$ e/ B7 n3 z "Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统9 B$ k: V/ R2 I 12.0pt">:

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& a" N$ ]/ A# M( K& S' K5 h6 v) } 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总,; y) P$ B6 i2 j9 S # Z+ T0 o& Q% m; [' Vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:6 U. c o8 H0 s: m9 X "Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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, F3 T# l- S6 w8 Imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, . t- d7 K, h1 v6 |% o; nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " \2 m- b& m3 C# x* p7 V, P"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, 1 Y4 s3 s! [5 @! H+ G5 w宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, 7 N. M; W' A% K6 F# w | font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:4 `: Y- w& M( p "Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, 1 U) s% @; s1 m- P& s( Z, n; d; m; [+ v% L e mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, 0 y# f# U+ O9 q0 p1 N/ h4 J font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:- D, e+ W) Q1 ~; N$ z- _4 h2 g "Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, 6 h" I" v" e g6 D1 P. Wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, 6 i" B) `, P9 e6 O- q9 h) I' e! B宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: 3 A6 w0 M! W4 T7 P! cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ Z- ]6 |- V5 N/ F7 w; d+ t "Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, 7 `3 Z6 h/ X1 F' l& \ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, ! f7 S8 Z5 B: I font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % L8 e* v; }& ~ w. F P"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, ; M9 ~" @8 X- I$ k( B( I 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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4 J5 i" q8 i/ ] mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,) L2 C8 F8 Q, J# P9 R" bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:" S/ C2 @! |4 V5 x! v3 I% Y7 q "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定* C2 K2 u+ A. l3 U* d. M8 L/ d: `12.0pt">, * K( u S# K @"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, 9 b4 J+ B% h+ o/ u+ w, b8 ` font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, V+ u7 I+ p. U; H "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:" @7 g/ S! z1 F' Omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, * d/ G9 o" E# A% q4 _6 A8 Y: s% M Y J宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, $ M7 E' q9 [: p( Q: ]; ]3 V+ D' ` font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& K M0 L4 ~- u9 S7 @2 w, ^ "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, # ~) q/ c6 w4 }3 L; f: {mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, 3 ^" M3 p# r7 `* K, |& R* ~font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ W9 X$ v D0 T "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: , l8 r. Z: @' S* J宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ ' d; K9 K. S+ M8 Q- n) N! q6 F 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, ^: B: W5 v! D% ~' B, ?' pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " f' V3 t) k. v! D"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊

 
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