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漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

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见习秘书  发表于 2015-1-5 13:23:16 |阅读模式 打印 上一主题 下一主题
 
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/ X! x1 p5 j) _# i mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, 5 }) f, o# P" [# `+ t: E9 i 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, 1 G- _' S8 H `, ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:8 g# g; U* K5 S$ k "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, . ~5 o: L7 w& ] Z% K 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,7 M9 _2 [0 Y4 p" ^8 R& f font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) t" I' K$ s& v3 z) t7 D "Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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; u7 f+ w& v: _2 vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, 8 C8 J# v1 B9 k3 i/ L. a1 d: A 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, 0 S8 S P3 D" rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; M/ S1 } f; Z6 J$ p9 ]9 T% z"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, : J t! m. n( s" O [( g! }$ R" o2 }" B7 a4 j: |1 @' x mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, + e2 [% Z0 J& C9 f. ?5 X6 Z$ j宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, 6 t: g0 A1 L/ k z& [" U font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % K# S& H( T5 a0 f1 E8 }" U( _"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, " s! \& y3 U$ U- m/ _1 b. T8 w3 zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, ( [8 `5 @( H$ {* S- L宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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8 I$ U' C5 ]/ e* P- B2 m/ s宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, : q9 I! I; Q) R" A+ { F4 x, V7 v1 \# g" R' p font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:; C& y3 |8 w; c, v; @0 u2 t "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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. b% d& Y: U4 }* g% a3 j, l mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, 8 d: [% U5 R' X+ L) Q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ ' ]. k5 O& e, V1 K: s" O 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” ; j9 z) F8 U2 T宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ $ ~' y Q: J) G$ w# M 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” & K! `3 i5 g6 `& X) {* g# i宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, ( X- D% X8 f" l/ v font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) V% ^; J, G8 h; o"Times New Roman"">前者为因, 5 @9 M( A: V- a& M" ~/ r3 l! E mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, . L6 x# h4 U' G( L. c font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : w- v$ d7 J% J$ l& Z"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,' X1 g- Q. t4 r3 x( w & p6 f# W$ |! Pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, + {) J2 n. d5 h5 _5 J* K9 { 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, ) Q8 D9 v `# R! g+ @! h8 p# Mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:6 S0 T: |6 {, r "Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, & k5 \. @4 T- F% I' b- Q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: ; u0 V1 `$ j/ O1 M) S& M: F. ~5 T, `font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 c6 c: A0 ^5 j) i( {"Times New Roman"">“ , v; J6 e2 T, z) W \: G- \2 jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? * G _$ G. V- f0 j* N 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” + R" s, X$ f, B$ \宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, 4 f4 m, u( Q$ u/ R font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( h& r, K4 k5 W( o/ |"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:! m! b5 J2 `9 R* q T7 E - }+ s6 H% J6 K2 a. dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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5 s9 d" Z* ]3 [ dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 ' I6 r0 M0 n) {4 ~! @- y 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, 4 j0 \3 k/ e; c/ u( n% F4 s font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . W% N+ v$ Q0 y"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,% ~& p" Q7 B; C& W) W# h+ k" } ; L- s$ i1 Z6 E' Jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, N% x) N* i& C# m# ? font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; t, v& `5 H* L/ ]* ]: h7 u \"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, $ Q; d8 `3 P2 ?: @9 Q9 H cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 ( `- @$ t7 |/ q7 f1 T9 m mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里$ }, {: S7 `0 j5 n# F* vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 - i& |+ [6 b8 q/ m2 f l5 amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(! {, L" R( |! X; y' F; ]宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), 4 U: a: ~( Y d! k4 l1 M font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:( k$ H) H* A) ?9 A "Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用, _# H. K! U# N: ]8 M. ^ 12.0pt">, % V- @' v; }2 Y7 Q+ `9 { "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, 1 ^) v" S/ X0 z+ S1 ^ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% u5 F( }4 }: s5 u: _ "Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, " Y' V$ C- F, P0 `% ^* q% z; ~ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!& ]7 ^: K. H4 [* Z" N宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, 7 z9 G0 \0 H! O, C1 n font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( a* v3 h0 s$ Z. s3 ?7 Z: ?/ k+ S"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: p; Y6 I$ N4 r& w+ J% H/ B) kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, / w, v$ s b: Y& C+ C 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, 6 e6 E* b C, J6 u2 y1 V/ L font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) D) x5 }% }) t* Q+ N2 I "Times New Roman"">“ 1 y P+ E2 z+ R$ [5 d7 _mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”1 {: V) y k- {+ z1 l 12.0pt"> ) N6 P p% C: X5 { "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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/ u' Z# Q- r. Y3 F; |' Omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, ; w. v& o9 [; N6 |- N% H+ S7 W- Z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, ) O" ?# x, Z1 B! j! Q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:2 m3 q2 Q# g" R/ }/ x "Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 0 L9 E+ u1 _- X! C0 `6 |mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, ) q: Y+ ~& G+ H% T" \6 B7 } 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, 9 @2 ^7 M0 u) R& ?$ U: i font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % S& V; i1 I0 }8 X5 p"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ ?( D5 v* u% _' X, _mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” ; W6 ?8 ^: k( p! `. {* F宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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* W0 j, ~8 _$ f! e9 m( ^. E# P宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣,! r( y/ k9 i& f3 H& S- a ! ]8 X' p6 y9 d- a font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 P( P+ {) o: I& e3 h3 P5 \( `7 Q- q "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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. K A; x- e3 N8 _* i& { mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, 5 e& W( @7 k0 o3 o* q0 Z2 Q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, 4 Y5 p# w6 f5 p5 i' S font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% X/ H2 P& O* S; P0 f: U "Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, / p/ V+ B% z# Z( }! k' I0 b4 i" O5 b" N# L8 hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, 2 s* D" t* H: [0 L5 {font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 |0 l1 E9 f* ^9 w+ a"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,: `$ v# {' d- G5 B( E/ e7 d宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, c J# s) Y) u$ v font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 N P# e3 z. V+ @9 \' ~; d" l+ G "Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题% ?- t8 l6 v' v# g6 q3 Y0 X12.0pt">: ! G( N) U1 d6 b3 R+ A+ t% T+ ~ "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: 8 ?! E6 S+ B- S9 F4 f font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # @# @1 Y) C, `% V1 x9 F( n"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才1 p3 T P0 Q, m, }12.0pt">, . }* M a6 u8 p* i! E0 d3 {"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, ( R9 h- n7 z; r P5 v+ J font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % v" T B! L# B- \% k+ G: G. Y) l ?; ["Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; + V6 A, }' x: p1 ~% N* ]mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, S+ P7 }1 e# v. M+ L* `% g宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, % j& {+ n( r" [7 f( K1 H font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:4 e& s! a2 h6 ?* E "Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题1 h4 y) [6 ~; w. o. m- M, U$ Q" o12.0pt">; $ U1 K* U ^: A) \5 |2 S4 \0 f# v"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, F+ |% p! C$ I* A G font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' O; R7 t) {* T& \ B"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求; H; Y, f; j; `3 ^! @ 12.0pt">: 3 R! F) b1 ?; z$ U6 g "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; 1 [' i: a1 n% b. P& y font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % [ u& h6 r* a# U0 V; _( O) [) S"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, 1 w R2 ~0 N2 P% Q# S% S9 q* \ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, ( ~+ O# I1 m% p2 F7 \ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:* P& P( P- l. m; M; {+ _ "Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统# U( z+ k# m# V( w1 ~ 12.0pt">:

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6 P t) f0 _$ S0 ]$ { mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ 9 R! Y4 }; {8 }1 d# u$ \宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” ) c7 m* L( e9 i3 Q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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& M5 q) c0 F7 y( k! ] 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, 7 }7 \% c8 O1 z9 {! N; Y* [$ j' C! ~; e9 D$ l' j font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 h& X j2 J+ L! v"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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$ l: z' Q9 D1 `+ Z) U( Q7 lmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, ( Y. V# @, i/ `) |) ?; m0 jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " {8 U ]% k4 y, {: @. _% j4 o"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, % }5 N0 D |0 t1 d宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, 5 _$ L1 C# }; T0 i) vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 C/ Z) }# ?% L: P$ G( E2 v, [7 c"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,4 v, |, \) ?: v' a. B- t- I " }% C4 R: ]8 I1 L( I! L3 g# h& @ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, & R. {3 i. z5 d; ~$ \8 z8 ?- Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! j8 {2 x8 J2 o; x O; K f"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, . _- A+ m: {0 A" i. E; Omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, . v4 J* f2 o8 | 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: 9 ]7 O3 u" O* x3 R& Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:4 r7 `. N( L* E8 R/ O6 c7 X" U1 H "Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, I E' q5 q! q) ]5 F mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, 0 ]4 }) d6 s X2 ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:6 V# Q8 q- C2 J9 |- k/ } "Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, # j& E" W0 Y8 I, ~$ I 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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& l4 r& B! {9 Z" ]3 | mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,+ {3 y8 H$ z3 G4 h: y( S font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:8 D% O0 b. k% x. @0 A2 D$ ~ "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定6 Y( C/ v& A5 y 12.0pt">, ' L; N0 V. f7 n, V4 `' i, b: W "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, , _* ?5 A( D6 D, f' tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - }+ D! t9 {& V! L6 \"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:! A; i) K" W. p+ b+ X3 smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, : X: K X3 }+ @4 w, C* N宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, ! Y- |* N5 o* X; ~, f font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:" _$ N6 _5 d7 y& L, D1 ~% E! g "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, % [0 P( Q2 ]( Dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, * \' Y. r. j0 w! p1 R font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ D( l# O& b" Y* n1 v "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: 2 n& \& i5 u, g: r宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ 2 s1 P5 A$ G: `6 S: l( o {宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, 6 e& z" M& B! F: e- i# R- f8 b font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: s$ g) d2 ?+ F% r) }) D"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊

 
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