漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

" m" I& Q G, \- omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, 5 ]5 C+ G+ R ?0 p 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, : L: q8 @# t' W" Ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # e/ E, H! ^; V8 ?9 p9 B"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, / `$ Q. S; T; D 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,/ D% }/ k( k7 u" u& v* |/ Tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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3 J' c; `, h; Y' c mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, ! _! j+ q# a# z/ q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, 2 n5 z; B2 v( a: L' N+ _9 o- l5 ? font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - ?* Y4 o3 j0 L6 m+ w' Y: U' M"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, - H- k, i* I8 }; l5 I6 I u/ q' W G. C mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, 4 h: M' E/ h/ s$ {% H1 k( G, D 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, ; Q& L& w7 R( o, J+ p) {% h font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & [. ~# Q, S6 l4 Z9 d0 P"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, ; O# G! P4 @' ~9 i: E. ]9 e/ m mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, ) v/ j2 G" G$ t! u F 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

 

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- v a( ]5 Q7 W7 @/ u) @1 V 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, 8 M- d1 E. i) D$ ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: , F- v% |8 E* @, D! ?"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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: x, m) }. [- v: Q; z" D; O# pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, 9 q/ U5 Z5 j6 a; m7 R# t" B c宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ : \' m' y, G7 G) g5 V) o 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” 1 I* g) @1 A4 j. \ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ ; Y5 ^; ~/ _5 ? 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” 8 p1 j. n2 ]6 J5 B n宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, / |7 D6 C: p1 U4 gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 P2 ^. P+ _# x) e. \5 }; s"Times New Roman"">前者为因, 2 p" Q( s( r1 b+ [! B mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, % _; }) |6 C4 X+ x% r5 W( n" Dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, * H0 H1 s# @8 ^3 h! D/ @6 lmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, : C" T; Z1 O, T& D& i宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, 1 a4 }; n1 d) Z s: E3 F# y- mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . Y& A* ?/ J7 o5 R; C0 ~. r"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, : N( L( a c X% \4 h, T" h宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: 7 h' a8 ?( k( M, V+ G- a/ nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . C4 S% ?; i6 d1 Q1 k; i3 D* _; l"Times New Roman"">“ 4 C- T% ?0 I' \mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? * z- v. P1 W/ ^# X9 E% S宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” + N/ L' r- V9 ]* Z: c' \ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, ' m( P" G7 m, }- k- O5 g! Dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " G% i+ d- j6 T- l1 o6 J"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: 1 N. \' g7 {6 n. z! C" _4 L2 l5 ]; E% x mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

 

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9 [0 }6 G" A) }: I8 ~mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 / b$ T0 F% X8 @/ `6 x+ K宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, 5 f" u7 o. N2 Y! ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + S0 c: d0 ~$ k. A o"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, 1 T1 i* U! Z" [! `' S q! [6 v; B. z- f4 ?. X3 o# } mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, " C& `& @1 e7 f* i5 D+ j# ` font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, " p& G8 P4 K' K* w mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 4 u! e- c+ N) C4 _ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里( |) b: `2 W4 m# B# h+ R6 O4 R mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 + B, d. l* W3 G- N( n2 w1 P mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(' n5 a% X2 @# L% e 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), ) C* x( \1 F6 l- h- Q- R font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用8 f# P) R( l/ F3 c3 {* d; a8 j7 @12.0pt">, ! s9 I7 k$ u. B! o* R"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, 4 L; H4 c2 r# o; i3 `- Hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 h/ p) c+ P3 Q- G7 U T( z3 O"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, 6 V) F: N5 ?6 ?, K& P) j mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!2 q2 T) S& U. j$ x 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, / w% m8 }2 J9 |3 ~font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: 2 x# x0 Q! j4 k) w$ M- Umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, 0 x8 H% k, H* q8 A" u9 N* k G 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, 0 ^, [: a6 c- a6 Q% @$ J0 M font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / W) K: n% D6 i; i0 S+ \& d"Times New Roman"">“ : A, o! d" p3 xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”* L6 ]" V7 ^- S9 P' X5 @ 12.0pt"> - K5 f3 E& E0 Q2 C "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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* [" Q7 Z# C; |9 V/ [mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, 5 [( \+ m B# O* x v宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, & }" Z9 W& _* m9 \2 ]9 a. n font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 7 S7 m9 B, t* f+ C8 Q+ ] mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, 2 Q* K* [' c5 ?宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, 3 x. y- P& U6 S9 \( a, x font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / K9 I' e; U$ a& c7 r. G+ O"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ 1 k3 g/ V* R: Y) r mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” x- C" a6 Z! P; R+ B$ |# { 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

 

1 W' X; Z- L/ r; P& n宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, 0 ~7 J4 @ S( m5 x u, N' Q) Y* Z9 I: O+ R+ S3 B. z/ }$ t font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) v0 Q/ P1 g0 ?"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

 

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8 E- w) L6 f; O% |4 u7 Cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, & i0 S4 k- ]; K9 ?2 ]* T$ y) u宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, 7 [5 \$ W3 a; w* M9 n( z% T font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, * v$ l5 i% m) t0 M) `1 B) n/ c1 E4 m- F8 ]1 e* _1 N mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, , k# Y4 {, i: Y, e font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,0 l% m$ S( B; R/ U, \ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, & x7 x& _% b* ^8 m/ P4 l font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 l, j! {+ W' F% t"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题% ^0 X# ]! C1 |% a12.0pt">: # C9 J$ u- i5 A) z "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: " e" s! R2 x; J, w' S/ Tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才9 e4 f/ i" b2 q; H) |) U$ o q# ~ 12.0pt">, 7 N0 e3 p$ a1 X K"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, 2 D" ?- y- ]! C3 ~; hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: , ?/ N7 R8 q1 ~: \"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; + L+ D, \: W" a* K! {) p9 ]! W+ b8 r5 \mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, + [+ |' m! K; U. ^3 o1 u h 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, 0 Q/ `+ p7 o; J& w8 Y% F* m font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) W6 W' {# l$ v f9 p7 K"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题 ?3 p' e3 V) {% h# u8 G% v" q 12.0pt">; $ h+ `" {9 F- T"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, , ^7 i9 ~8 }* g: u/ K. M) Yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求- a' R: x7 }1 g% F, V" g- |- C12.0pt">: & p" S; c5 |8 ?/ x" M"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; 8 a6 R$ y' D6 J6 Q# f font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: G% u# w! B) f"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, 0 F3 Y2 h) o: Z1 j6 w6 P2 ` hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, " ? M! B+ |) {+ X/ X" N font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ ~( @, X3 Y0 V"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统) U: y7 a5 T* m% k0 d12.0pt">:

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" b6 P1 _+ ?7 r- i, O6 i! t( N' I& f. G% ` mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ 7 o2 J( a# f% _6 X$ M 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” * Y" [0 L( B/ L1 m. ^( [& A. I 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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S: ?; S: N& p3 Y/ V 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, 6 g% V R8 \: v$ w font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( ]5 z( |! D G8 z$ y2 `"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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7 Z. [) |7 q( y: O2 T$ \mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, 8 q" D3 W1 h8 }- H( q Rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 U, g/ S# e) W' A2 [* f7 g% f0 X"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, - p+ e' V$ _4 ?0 f' v宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, * R& C1 x# d. w% Q- ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, , X# E1 l ~0 r mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, $ f) d1 m# G9 q' ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / m- H8 [8 e3 v' y"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, # \: `3 |6 K/ P! {: I! g6 ^mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, " B7 y w0 X/ z- g! _0 k; x& K6 Y 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: 0 I0 o3 l# W, b font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 r O- W1 o: ?1 _! e+ }"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, 1 O/ L2 z3 Z2 d4 G) y/ \mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, . o' x, n& `2 O font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 m% z7 | A6 d/ q3 l" V3 h0 ^"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, 5 _# g" o- j6 O4 x! c0 [4 Q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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$ T5 d5 A! s) _ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,# Y: w7 K( u* Y6 h7 w5 { font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定/ o. Z, k B9 d8 K/ o, G! { 12.0pt">, 9 @3 T0 E+ C+ s) Y"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, . w. l9 U& `6 A1 C# z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / E, i2 e2 K: I' j: y2 [" }5 F"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:3 Y, q8 C+ C+ d1 j3 g# l2 |% Amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, ; ~& l7 s% i( j2 ~2 N3 f1 H& u 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, & s5 B( q( w, J( pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) @3 S0 f- v0 K' g' [/ P0 {"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, 5 ]1 q4 F3 t! }$ c. R% tmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, . [* X- Q3 y9 S- I5 A9 Y font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: ; G% S# S8 G3 c. A$ `# V8 \+ r9 k7 G 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ 3 u" w; B3 m" \宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, ; ~. H+ G3 Q0 ]& t+ t font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊