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今日下午，《论语札记》作者贾陆英老师继续在老秘网QQ群“重温经典读书会”组织大家学习讨论《论语》为政篇第2章。有贾老师的热心授课，我们的重温经典读书会已名副其实了。昨天老秘网新开了“公文写作合议庭”版块，也期待大家积极参与。这里，老猫把今日的聊天记录整理如下：
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( x5 `/ V% \1 [# A2 t. aTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">各位好，星期一下午有事未到，让大家久等了。特致歉意。今天下午，我们学习讨论《论语》为政篇第' B; |4 ~& { v- u3 M5 o! {
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰：思无邪。7 d: L% j$ ]# S c/ \, n
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百：《诗经》实有三百零五篇，三百只是举其整数。9 V* C, b, ^) ^ N8 n7 F( \
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">：概括。思无邪：《诗经4 N4 ?( P: P! ^5 m5 ? \4 {mso-font-kerning:0pt">•: R: Y8 L" F7 \8 _8 F
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7 f/ \' ^, \0 N* a7 T1 s% R' z6 Lmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">駧》》上的一句话。原文的思字是语助词，孔子借用这句话把思作思想讲。无邪：纯正，没有邪念。5 r. ]3 D; g p2 bmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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" ]$ m2 T* z( K$ mmso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》三百篇，用一句话来概括它，就是( H0 Q& H9 C* O( B0pt">‘; d1 T" b2 u9 ]& G& V1 ZTahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">问：孔子为什么极为重视诗教？: o* [$ N5 p/ A# v1 G
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">答：本章是孔子对《诗经》精神的概括。孔子曾经说过，吾道一以贯之，指出他的学说有一个贯穿其中的基本精神，读书学习，重要的是要把握这个基本精神。一言以蔽之，就是一以贯之的意思，: q5 y, c4 {9 Q2 Amso-font-kerning:0pt">"2 \, x3 [$ t* r; J' m
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">兴于诗、立于礼、成于乐: ]) V/ k+ n: v* @3 ?10.5pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">”! Z& Y! \. ?8 R8 I, |- omso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;, W% G3 v2 T7 x$ ?* {" l" `/ r ~
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">泰伯》），兴于诗，强调诗的教育之重要，所兴的是人的情感。立于礼，礼教的目的是使人在社会上立足。成于乐，乐教的目的是使这种! ^, b. n4 p C4 qmso-font-kerning:0pt">“" B" ^2 F& Y, @' D4 c% {font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;/ L: R: q0 q6 j$ Q& ^
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">最终得以完成。古人讲的4 I: `" C% [- |- B
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，包括音乐、舞蹈、诗歌等等，诗歌是运用有节律、有韵律的语言反映生活、抒发情感的文学体裁，孔子认为，就教化的功能而言，, }. n. @- y# Q% A) Z4 Emso-font-kerning:0pt">“* ?0 v* G- H3 C; J3 t- ~' S2 y
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗教/ j, v" s e9 M5 e1 R2 H' |9 J- @
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是一个人品德养成、人性完善的最高层次。) N; G# j( l5 {/ Q- W& ^! vmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》是中国最早的一部诗歌总集，经孔子删订，收有从西周初年到春秋中叶的诗歌( y, S( q) q0 O+ @mso-font-kerning:0pt">3057 i" V$ e) Q: m/ A* n$ q: D
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' `6 l5 b2 F- Y# }' | g9 umso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">篇。孔子特别重视+ P0 [3 j# @" [- \% F% }+ f1 O: X" tmso-font-kerning:0pt">“" S6 \- ~8 X/ m/ ?9 b, r6 _7 ?font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;& v0 w% U% w9 \3 O" p8 n
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$ T) |" C* Y n. R9 F- t) y' omso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">对于人格完善的重要作用，他说：9 ?, W7 Y% h3 Tmso-font-kerning:0pt">“* [/ P4 W* j! h% I+ C' [
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">不学诗，无以言。 t: k" L/ P( ?5 N. J
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语% P0 D* j9 a# M* {9 ~5 k) Umso-font-kerning:0pt">•4 M+ p* ]5 N- P! s7 u
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">季氏》）; y( U2 H& i$ V1 d
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观，可以群，可以怨。迩之事父，远之事君；多识于鸟兽草木之名。 z1 k( X, T! R2 P5 x
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">阳货》）由此可见，孔子重视《诗经》的教育，一是在于学习《诗》的语言和文化知识，二是通过7 {8 _1 Z! s; D$ i: A
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">兴、观、群、怨! r9 J; \+ V; Nmso-font-kerning:0pt">”- T' O# k' B: E& d9 v
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+ m) z8 p4 O( K) q& E6 Pmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">陶冶人的情操，并对弟子进行事父、事君等政治思想教育，使人% E6 O% A H7 I. j7 {
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! |% V; L+ v3 {/ Y4 A+ Y, m3 K. Gmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，遐思而纯正，宁静而致远。, w; ~9 h1 A7 |. _
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+ p2 ^6 x8 C. n ~( N3 B& \2 ITahoma;color:#006EFE;mso-font-kerning:0pt">睡虫西麦：0 d9 g1 w. E& a0pt"> ! g3 t ~0 f$ A* I
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰：思无邪。- a1 B; g+ a7 h7 V' L% |mso-font-kerning:0pt">"0 i: f" ^% n2 l4 x2 m5 G
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; y0 A! ]- C9 f9 t- C) I. s5 Umso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">睡虫歪解：诗歌三百篇，用一句话来掩盖，就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女，女想男，教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊，就说，人家的思想是很纯洁的。 h2 m4 r- `2 X3 I3 b/ m( y, s
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗歌三百篇，用一句话来掩盖，就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女，女想男，教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊，就说，人家的思想是很纯洁的。# ?4 Q4 E; p" y7 t( S. ^- {, ]! _
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% N* b9 s! _/ F7 T# t! M3 g/ ~mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">。诗经确有许多歌颂男女爱情的作品，那时的社会风气是开化的，孔子的思想也是开化的。这种风气被改变，是后来的事。不可用后人的标准衡量前人。“我把贾老得罪了”5 o: n. V! d& e4 I2 P! Lmso-font-kerning:0pt">——9 N* Y9 C" r$ E3 `$ Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;! F+ Z8 Y# ?/ m+ H2 I
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">开个玩笑，没关系的。/ W1 ?' w9 L/ `% Z, p( W+ W/ smso-font-kerning:0pt"> w W! D; ~- g! W9 \2 r9 l* R" B
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观、可以群，可以怨。 S6 Y: y3 @+ P- i! A
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">学诗的作用就在于% A. j) V: Z$ Q4 s1 S
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">四个字。所谓7 l% a9 v2 h- b# {' i. a7 w: E5 Omso-font-kerning:0pt">“( {# F% g$ V" F8 r6 _8 n
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以激发人的兴致，培养想象力；所谓/ a+ S- c; z: v% Y1 {* D1 {0 ?mso-font-kerning:0pt">“: m7 U" F6 M5 @% `# I8 |" Jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;' _& f( G1 I% e
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: ]9 W+ s4 q0 @, _mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以多识鸟兽草木等大自然之物，提高观察力；所谓. _8 V3 L$ N* m% pmso-font-kerning:0pt">“# v6 {, U1 ^! C- }: D
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以涵养温柔敦厚的性情，提高在群体中生活的能力；所谓" q7 h4 r% s# r0 ?7 Kmso-font-kerning:0pt">“* V4 w8 W7 _/ L, X
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗还可以锻炼, O/ p3 y: f1 Y1 a9 Q# hmso-font-kerning:0pt">“- b6 Q& }8 D3 |: |
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">乐而不淫、哀而不伤! a& U1 A# B4 [- y
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. T4 a4 X) o0 u: M# F4 l/ qmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">八佾》）的胸襟和品格，抒发心中之怨，而又能 ?' j: n# U7 w# z+ M6 j$ c( v4 Gmso-font-kerning:0pt">“! G7 n( i8 S2 D7 g% I
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">论语集注》），恰到好处，合乎中道。总之，学诗可以使人/ C- R: W1 B. n. D" t7 \
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: E2 \) j% {: H0 T4 @# R3 hmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">为政》），遐思而纯正，宁静而致远。3 w* ?9 p5 s& L& Lmso-font-kerning:0pt"> 8 O9 [1 }6 Y) q& L' z7 `- Q3 r6 G$ x
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0 [$ T, ]5 j: b6 A5 z! K2 nTahoma;color:#006EFE;mso-font-kerning:0pt">睡虫西麦：6 t7 F& P8 J% Z, g- p# \- {0pt"> 9 n: t) b+ h6 ~2 |
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! i7 B$ _$ {6 UTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">继续歪解啊：群呢，就是说物以类聚，大家有共同的审美和爱好，对诗经有雷同的见解，于是呢，就找到好朋友了。所谓怨呢，就是说看到诗经里写的这么美好的事物人物，会生出点点怨气，怨自己为什么没有诗经这么美好的生活，从而激发斗志。% [/ Y- u" C+ ^/ m; U0 Nmso-font-kerning:0pt">- @: P2 r5 F- q. b, y
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">咱是粗人一个，供拍砖用! t9 X+ @. G. \0 q& S7 J0 Mmso-font-kerning:0pt">  , x2 j8 y, ~. B& Yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;$ r2 e2 M8 [2 S& [8 n( h; D
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8 X6 S+ ~7 `( MTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">智者见智，淫者见淫。有道理* ~% J* j9 }# w( m" S0pt"> 0 }+ U9 b& q! K( ]
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">大家是做文秘工作的，写文章，也需要提高文学素养，如能恰到好处地引用几句诗词、名言警句，定会使文稿熠熠生辉。否则，干巴巴的，没有文彩，读之无味。& E' V; ?! g+ `! I# j5 m0 U
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是的，不但文稿晦暗，而且说服力弱& y3 }% u& @3 B! \+ x1 \
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7 @" {4 i( {( z0 f! UTahoma;color:#006EFE;mso-font-kerning:0pt">求觉迷者：: P" s* l) _, O5 ]/ h8 ^
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3 t/ ? c% }" W- V# HTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">我们领导基本把稿子中的诗句都略掉，不读，也许在正式场合没有习总的温柔劲吧( B6 W. u, ?) f& }
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2 \3 c) l5 P+ Q! v3 OTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨，是否也指怨刺，有着对社会的不满和抨击，比如《硕鼠》《伐檀》等等+ p# h2 K5 v8 _" x$ Q
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是啊，大家看看习总的语言风格，文学素养深厚，值得学习。
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