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今日下午,《论语札记》作者贾陆英老师继续在老秘网QQ群“重温经典读书会”组织大家学习讨论《论语》为政篇第2章。有贾老师的热心授课,我们的重温经典读书会已名副其实了。昨天老秘网新开了“公文写作合议庭”版块,也期待大家积极参与。这里,老猫把今日的聊天记录整理如下:
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">各位好,星期一下午有事未到,让大家久等了。特致歉意。今天下午,我们学习讨论《论语》为政篇第9 O6 c9 n% Y/ S+ O9 f, y5 ~mso-font-kerning:0pt">2& y; }# s5 Q! j3 B3 jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;) x0 |8 X+ B* P0 q8 c4 a1 i
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* \) U8 J6 }9 L3 ]7 |mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">子曰:4 d/ _8 B; \# [1 w6 W* r+ Dmso-font-kerning:0pt">"+ I7 h2 g+ V! i) z6 Q( ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;/ j( O/ o& c; Y' o# |
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百,一言以蔽之,曰:思无邪。2 x' I( ~/ F0 Smso-font-kerning:0pt">"
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+ N! F% V0 t% P0 ~, v! PTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百:《诗经》实有三百零五篇,三百只是举其整数。8 d1 e& T3 y( |6 W; [
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">:概括。思无邪:《诗经) G* L9 T- _8 v" S7 pmso-font-kerning:0pt">•' W/ X2 c- i }3 Q+ n
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! @. W7 z6 Q; b5 z! g7 Y! vmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">駧》》上的一句话。原文的思字是语助词,孔子借用这句话把思作思想讲。无邪:纯正,没有邪念。' Q) ~6 t8 q" Q# d) M
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1 C& q) h: R# b) v$ A8 |Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">孔子说:3 W* S7 \+ ~) L* N! n1 C
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2 l! T1 s7 o" d' s: tmso-font-kerning:0pt">思想纯正。7 z P# a0 g5 W7 d0 c4 T10.5pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">’”
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& c, e, p) V: }! ^! nTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">问:孔子为什么极为重视诗教?' W g7 D8 b! m, G
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">答:本章是孔子对《诗经》精神的概括。孔子曾经说过,吾道一以贯之,指出他的学说有一个贯穿其中的基本精神,读书学习,重要的是要把握这个基本精神。一言以蔽之,就是一以贯之的意思,2 {' L! T0 D& h# T1 V
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">就是贯穿于诗经三百篇中的核心精神。; ?- X t% I" b. b: b4 t
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5 \+ _) ?3 x) U+ B, }" tmso-font-kerning:0pt">泰伯》),兴于诗,强调诗的教育之重要,所兴的是人的情感。立于礼,礼教的目的是使人在社会上立足。成于乐,乐教的目的是使这种" C2 d2 u3 ?( F+ b7 Fmso-font-kerning:0pt">“3 f$ p6 @! C& X, L9 }6 y* i% Bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">最终得以完成。古人讲的0 j+ {$ D+ S9 r- V# {mso-font-kerning:0pt">“& }: G* r* W+ X& rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
# m& o* h6 C1 @' ], vmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">乐( T, D, k& y8 |+ \; u& W6 Qmso-font-kerning:0pt">”$ G$ u; w( J* S$ Cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
, ^# H2 _7 u8 `, a( ]mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">,包括音乐、舞蹈、诗歌等等,诗歌是运用有节律、有韵律的语言反映生活、抒发情感的文学体裁,孔子认为,就教化的功能而言,; u$ d* ^) v9 J/ C7 q+ c4 [mso-font-kerning:0pt">“: R& z0 `7 [- y. k, `8 b N8 nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
+ T C+ [- n$ K- I5 B4 l0 jmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">乐教3 R7 h# y, j }7 X8 P" x; H
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗教# p( o. ?* z! ?9 @. y" t' gmso-font-kerning:0pt">”; U! {) J, m. h3 T6 U: w+ S
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是一个人品德养成、人性完善的最高层次。! v5 [- }7 F4 S. a9 E- Vmso-font-kerning:0pt"> ) o6 |# m. B' c5 w, R
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: e V* p8 @ o2 L! J2 L+ J$ B5 yTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》是中国最早的一部诗歌总集,经孔子删订,收有从西周初年到春秋中叶的诗歌8 b6 C' S1 e- y+ d" E" q
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# b( D, c4 {8 m9 v) |! p6 l7 E* xmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">篇。孔子特别重视, c# K6 p: K, ~& W/ V! a
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7 s. u1 Y E8 O6 Z. }7 [7 nmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">对于人格完善的重要作用,他说:# u I' V) }1 s) H
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">不学诗,无以言。$ q+ Z% h* K% K/ ]
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$ a( J4 A/ C% {mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗,可以兴,可以观,可以群,可以怨。迩之事父,远之事君;多识于鸟兽草木之名。8 Z; N5 y! Y, z- r) Emso-font-kerning:0pt">”* H: H' b5 ]6 Q9 g
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">阳货》)由此可见,孔子重视《诗经》的教育,一是在于学习《诗》的语言和文化知识,二是通过5 c0 J1 _: X- ^$ g9 k
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">兴、观、群、怨2 T# x2 Q5 |7 m8 {mso-font-kerning:0pt">”8 H6 C2 U3 L& Hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
. j% A4 U- t, m/ N' [) dmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">陶冶人的情操,并对弟子进行事父、事君等政治思想教育,使人( ~1 S# P( `" q, cmso-font-kerning:0pt">“/ L1 f' o7 ^2 ^8 J6 T+ Tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;9 i' H' v- A, T& n& l4 X) F$ b
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">,遐思而纯正,宁静而致远。" t3 N# g& n) E( O" U6 m3 h, F/ o
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* G) h0 b: D% n* p" Z DTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百,一言以蔽之,曰:思无邪。- v5 q+ J. k. F+ ~7 T7 N, q rmso-font-kerning:0pt">"2 o; v0 U# O4 S1 {. G3 e) v
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">睡虫歪解:诗歌三百篇,用一句话来掩盖,就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女,女想男,教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊,就说,人家的思想是很纯洁的。0 K0 Z* R' y0 n9 R. L* Xmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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) E* {* h0 g) U% ]' J3 t% y& JTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗歌三百篇,用一句话来掩盖,就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女,女想男,教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊,就说,人家的思想是很纯洁的。7 O% k6 V% x. S+ V' {4 a& umso-font-kerning:0pt">——+ `5 {& }5 y* l* K0 w- y
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+ ~& V6 d7 }# I8 ]; fmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">。诗经确有许多歌颂男女爱情的作品,那时的社会风气是开化的,孔子的思想也是开化的。这种风气被改变,是后来的事。不可用后人的标准衡量前人。“我把贾老得罪了” F. q8 P% O( k6 r; a+ v' r/ n: R) y
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗,可以兴,可以观、可以群,可以怨。9 l3 {6 [0 E2 T3 D: r) M2 g3 O, B) I _
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+ l/ H4 K: r( Ymso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">学诗的作用就在于& K J$ j( z+ o4 ~- a0 l
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9 k5 m2 x* z% |0 y+ @5 w" Tmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">群! }* a( ^8 v" ]1 h
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">四个字。所谓" d4 C0 u" W! X. m0 ^( H( j
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">,就是说学诗可以激发人的兴致,培养想象力;所谓. O" a( l% a1 V, }" h+ ]
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/ V6 }0 [. ^% Z2 cmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">观! X2 H6 m T5 {6 C9 q! rmso-font-kerning:0pt">”; Z+ z0 U! e& G) r e* Z
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$ E/ K/ B! s J. D% p3 }9 e c/ Umso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">,就是说学诗可以多识鸟兽草木等大自然之物,提高观察力;所谓, {# A4 _) S% H8 l4 L- gmso-font-kerning:0pt">“- F( ?2 b+ H, c$ E* }
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% K- y( f& C+ y& t @, V7 p! ?mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">,就是说学诗可以涵养温柔敦厚的性情,提高在群体中生活的能力;所谓% F! Y+ d0 i, Y9 c" r. ~mso-font-kerning:0pt">“# m) q8 P3 p: W0 L5 Y
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- M& Y: s3 o5 l- A7 E4 Xmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨: h& f9 x, a" f/ P/ D
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">,就是说学诗还可以锻炼* a3 d, @; o& W7 V3 D6 \
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">八佾》)的胸襟和品格,抒发心中之怨,而又能( S3 k% C$ E o( p
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">论语集注》),恰到好处,合乎中道。总之,学诗可以使人6 A* [( T! T+ h6 L' F
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: v1 p* d# y, R$ Amso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">为政》),遐思而纯正,宁静而致远。( i' m6 e$ Y9 D" g1 I
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2 p; R5 {$ D; C+ _0 mTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">继续歪解啊:群呢,就是说物以类聚,大家有共同的审美和爱好,对诗经有雷同的见解,于是呢,就找到好朋友了。所谓怨呢,就是说看到诗经里写的这么美好的事物人物,会生出点点怨气,怨自己为什么没有诗经这么美好的生活,从而激发斗志。) G" p) p$ N" M Z8 D& v
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