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漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

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见习秘书  发表于 2015-1-5 13:23:16 |阅读模式 打印 上一主题 下一主题
 
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3 u6 |4 j, v) E8 `+ wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, 4 p6 v4 x; F ^ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, / p8 g' i- q* |' H( Y( W; ?font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:! b6 R9 A& `6 }/ B1 w8 o) U/ Z; ~ "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, - n+ S; l, ^2 Z7 L. L( E( f# G宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,7 I1 @) z; M$ \% P5 m4 cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ U6 m( a6 c! {% n "Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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; h3 R$ @9 A! D o, N mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, / S/ n3 W1 u K, n' D7 T 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, # ~5 h. `( w! i% R& X- _ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) R( v" h4 {6 f5 I2 Q( G& k"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, $ ]! T! m) T- f& r2 Y1 o2 T- @% E& u& R U9 Z$ s1 _' J _mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, 7 n/ y; V6 A& u1 j宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, 4 \2 k5 h7 a7 [- s8 `$ t) o7 G font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ b9 ^( ~6 o0 x' t# I "Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, 8 x+ f# `9 B5 M2 T+ d8 K mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, $ V- E. G; U B, y$ R0 q7 k8 g6 {0 j' O宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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3 O/ A! E+ v; c" y+ ? 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因,; o- d& Y1 n d" {& P/ c ' O5 y1 d' O/ k$ S' J font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 T3 x4 U% W8 _* \0 B G"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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% y0 Y |! F C/ C# H$ Y2 \ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, 2 j( p! i# j0 U) I6 j宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ + ?2 L, e8 @8 W; n* s2 `% {+ {) s宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” $ a3 |' t/ [& z) M: o 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ ' M8 O5 @) U2 Q- N7 V5 \. \/ u- U宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” & Y! Q9 A- c- C宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, & M+ X9 O& B" K: kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:. g, |4 ]% _8 p8 q! x# { "Times New Roman"">前者为因, " {2 U) `7 H" U6 ]mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, 1 W" d5 N5 j; Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + y' L+ U1 A3 p- x t' W: A& v"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, % |' ^8 o* ?6 X- a y4 H; {# U6 K) ~- l/ U7 i8 t4 x0 gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, - Z* L; r3 N! R0 L% K宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, # p; q$ ]( _* u0 p7 K$ x8 Sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . H7 m6 b5 a7 ~% |& V( L5 t"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, ! F" o% X( r7 Z/ P& _宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: l3 @- _) B7 P3 s" s1 i1 V font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:' ^0 ~ X# m/ ^/ L" I' G" j8 A "Times New Roman"">“ % s' t4 d- O9 {! \3 f' M# Q, imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? & Q) s+ o; w1 Q% [+ ~宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” 9 h% W4 G% L4 b/ a5 Z 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, $ I# N2 s: _6 I font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . ~: R& S: G3 u$ }& _7 \7 J"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:+ g) I. Q3 E4 m8 p - k% e# q) E4 B6 ]/ dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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( M' m9 X) H3 l6 Cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 $ {7 V. Y+ S/ ] 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, " r4 D9 N, I3 `0 Q, tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:8 o; y5 y+ K5 x "Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, 8 e8 `6 Z# _4 f, ?- O1 r$ t7 K- |# \) R; U# j: ]- Pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, 1 t8 B/ O! _$ W% h0 s& i0 mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 ]8 \' p. m& l6 V1 e"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, & [3 o/ r" d* Imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 " F! E" S# F/ |8 I# u mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里7 m" v' M- p* ~6 l! e. y. z1 `- v! } mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 $ S( D3 K% _6 m) f* w, f, S mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元($ v' B4 C, ], z& S0 W7 X2 d宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), - \+ r& ^ @8 p: h& Ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:0 b' Y8 u% {' {& }, `( k: g) k: S "Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用/ n$ w- h0 Q7 I# U/ U 12.0pt">, 5 j( P, B/ B( E i: o, \"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, - s8 o' y7 H: O( f' U1 D+ }; ^font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, i: p/ g. t9 l# c( k; Y "Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, 4 z4 W' v" g4 G' I' u! omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!& ]- L* u( Q3 P6 ^6 t& @ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, ' x! f' Z0 S' y, _( H! D. f1 j2 }font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:4 w5 E- a7 q: m, W5 R, {& i6 ] "Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: 1 k% u8 Q( B5 s7 g* Cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, l6 [5 E& ~. T ?. N8 N$ S宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, " g" }- D% S1 F& h+ t- f! e4 P: Rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ g6 {' B9 T5 ^ Q$ c! h "Times New Roman"">“ 3 b* n! G9 N _9 s, T' Q mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”0 N" m, r" M: K12.0pt"> - @! x* C+ G. R/ z"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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/ y, b$ C8 A- cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, " S; ~& H- ]$ R0 ?1 m宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, 2 c& A6 A: f8 afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % F6 g5 t/ ]% C; B: R"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, & _# h' |; \& J/ t" i; B mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, 1 H2 E1 P9 n2 M5 O: g$ P5 G' }宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, 3 n- T( g! g. M2 O- Ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - ^3 j) \* q& B1 `6 x' E8 {"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ 9 y/ s. N8 S' w1 Z' nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” 1 x$ H/ g J4 j宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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* z4 p3 }& A$ }. r0 D 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣,: G1 |) y" r/ z) s( U q* { 2 y6 B( W4 [$ [7 w& C4 ^2 b! ]1 `font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ L3 t$ s9 _& V! @3 B' a "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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! s% S$ l" k( x5 y7 Q& I% W mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, $ [3 C C" x: Q9 v& U4 o+ d宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, 9 W5 G9 e: u3 d4 c7 A font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:1 Q( R) X* ?3 j/ G3 C6 t6 J$ o "Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素,! K3 T/ g5 @+ K" K % r5 D; N, b$ j+ q' g5 o* ]mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, * d2 r" g5 f8 N9 o" r8 }# Z- [; G( Ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 x% V K( Z8 \: o% ]# H"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,( y( |4 M* b2 Z; t% ]5 m 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, 0 a+ Y9 W. @9 m3 X/ qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% ^1 r6 \) W( P: O* s* W "Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题! T2 M; k, B0 K5 i. |" u12.0pt">: : t; I; N' w D/ s2 ] "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: 8 b1 N7 @+ [- a8 Hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) G& F V5 N) h* s. m# c "Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才0 g5 c' k3 `1 d- |# L& ~0 F12.0pt">, 8 ?- |# t( K2 \" s# a' R"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, 9 J: b% c+ o8 L font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:. M7 k' V; m, D( L9 D "Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; . l: p+ l8 q% X mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, % x% a3 n' }7 S, \! o: X; }6 T宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, & w) @9 g9 I' B7 A* O font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, p: Z& _1 J i; V "Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题: [% i+ Y$ b( O) F 12.0pt">; 4 y4 V4 L+ o4 \" m"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, ' s" E# s+ l' |* i5 `4 @ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' y6 R9 ^0 D7 i"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求7 o) l2 v# v- C; K 12.0pt">: ' b+ H" z! G3 \" P, U) g"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; : l4 X6 X* [, C) w" ^font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:2 S6 i3 {' H. Z) H! c "Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, / ]9 a2 K0 J% k* [# h1 cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, ! L- u4 D; o9 K1 gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ X$ `# {: O/ u4 V1 Q2 Y "Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统2 G) y" ~& Q" ]' S8 S' k* \12.0pt">:

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2 M/ a; F: W+ O) P/ ]5 [mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ 9 v* D: _1 m; ]) {. M宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” 2 {3 D6 y2 a1 j0 s. t 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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4 C. m% w0 Q. @& V$ t 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, 7 e* n2 H ?: z5 O8 _) H S8 n& o! L, {; A+ p font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, r, o, C" ~# H. l" F( U- C: V+ k "Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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, C6 X: D% R& Emso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, : f* t; \0 U8 U+ Z0 O font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ E, F5 f! g9 ]) F7 t "Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, ' B5 I# v: Z. o& Z" J 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, - [/ S$ R7 M9 L font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:6 P7 l1 C/ Q% B* H) j1 O "Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, 1 G" b0 Z0 L# `2 n2 p# v- ?7 h( @# [- h& D9 e) p0 a5 }2 t& emso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, ! a! o) S6 w9 P5 F! C4 Gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:9 K: T. N$ \# D* m7 |' g0 |6 J, A "Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, ! |5 D) w$ M6 ?, S a3 H7 @& D mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, / \* O( e: u- \4 w" M宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: + U" k; h7 F+ A# H# X7 P, Q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: Z8 n! k, G9 D2 z6 f, d$ o"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, / j$ Q; g# ~+ x. T. W, j' D mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, ( k# n$ l: N) N0 u8 S8 L font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " Z( J! Q* }+ _+ G3 `8 F% H2 L"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, ; M5 C1 d, V% y, U( t/ R 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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! r: T- ~9 B+ q5 t1 W6 z mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,7 }- b5 _# D/ u8 G# A. ]( F5 wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:" \9 b( R1 V m) @0 O( C "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定) p7 Y9 i% B2 j 12.0pt">, & S# y2 i% }- \5 j ^8 \"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, ! L- J5 [7 ]0 l Z3 H font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:4 W8 E6 l* C4 z+ }$ j; { "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:3 \0 P- C3 {" N; L7 hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, : a* i" n, D0 l2 {8 S( M* s* ]宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, 4 e5 v: k- B0 b8 kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 4 }& Q6 o- E' V. @! x8 Y"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, 4 K' Y+ N' \/ I" q, [' K5 R mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, . {" X; d. ~; n" G8 o1 u* G+ Ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 n" \- A( `* W% ?9 t+ n "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: + `! p0 E- y2 k* w! ] 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ 0 L. P( w- y% L9 K2 T 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, 4 l5 X" {) H5 c, ^' \9 x font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ R$ N3 ? i% ^% z "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊

 
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