漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

) T6 Z/ I" J* Z" z; C mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, 1 N/ E" }0 l4 |. t( V宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, - J, }" g* j; q8 v9 E% j font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ J+ }. x8 A, z- o. X3 d( W8 j"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, . B/ d, }: ^% |$ B 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,# u! z) o2 p* q$ }8 }% u/ I7 W Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - @9 C* k8 T! i' T1 e"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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' z- [, H8 W5 N" ^$ O) Y/ ]! d mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, * H# M$ ]' D8 L7 l 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, ! D- p. f7 `* F4 ^0 Q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, - P2 M U2 a6 L' x Fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, 6 Z& ]# r) ` Y6 I1 [/ O 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, , @- Q6 [- L3 H# W H8 a+ D font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ b) J n# ~( z"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, * ?" I/ j4 M% c7 v/ @1 Fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, + `# o+ c- v1 q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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. j) ~% p/ d$ z4 p5 `宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, ! `4 }1 a3 s( }) s- F- X2 Q3 ?) o. h2 Sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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# m8 B9 u& t+ K. h( D6 Omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, 3 z& q0 H- p, L# t: p宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ 6 c1 \. |5 ^9 c4 I7 n2 H# Z5 D6 D/ C 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” 3 z7 ]8 k# S7 |- d1 D/ ?3 b) [8 y7 p 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ . Q+ B* N- g5 t4 d \6 |$ H; q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” " m* a! B8 p& ~2 C$ _- E) L 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, / }5 e+ b. @4 s/ z# ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % X2 ~+ W$ _* \0 g; y O"Times New Roman"">前者为因, # g, d& `1 b$ S& Y2 L) J mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, / [/ [! M0 N$ n3 U) } font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 b# [7 E5 }9 t+ Z7 V"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, - e) C. F- W, v mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, 4 H3 v& M4 @' J; k9 S2 ]2 t8 \宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, 1 Q5 @' R# {0 u1 Y; y: pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, + }% K! i8 x3 ?) B3 r( e. \宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: 8 U) W4 [# P8 c! @ v4 f7 dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) o _" w) ~5 n! q- Z0 N"Times New Roman"">“ 2 D$ v& J% A4 q# L mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? 6 m$ M7 M7 R) m. \: u8 M) A宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” : t* T' G% g/ [% S- Z# D 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, & e. p/ L1 f' f8 B font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: 6 A: v1 r' _& h1 h8 y( B" T( ? z" _! g2 n* Q8 N+ rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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( j5 T* H W& l. E$ }& a8 L mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 . A) _' l/ |! C宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, & ]0 a9 s9 I! O font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 n* _ }6 j x3 R6 t* ~ C; i"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, + T7 ]3 O1 |3 N2 s" \0 M& ^, Y* R* i& b% J9 h n: `; j' O; Q& r1 @4 d mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, 7 O0 \' C( f: B$ }font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, 0 o: D. v# K9 A5 Q- g! Zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 - S; K* A0 Z; s* z' A3 o9 H6 v5 b, K mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里6 F5 p" L t& F mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 7 B, w7 d2 Y Q/ c4 k+ f. Z [ N( G mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(& R/ g5 ~. p2 U4 ^ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), 8 @4 G4 ?6 h3 p/ ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用$ l. J! A" s4 `& L% x 12.0pt">, + \* J2 W& |0 n; f+ A3 z6 l9 J* i "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, 4 o7 D6 X0 y3 K* w. R, p$ W font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 {% [6 ^' n5 \9 M' H# _0 M"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, 5 Z% W# R, z- T, @* | mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!6 T! j1 _+ T4 N! J6 w' q" J5 Q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, 2 w7 E" w8 o8 P6 ` u* N" Mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 f/ V! }) |2 j/ @4 q* u"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: : B- [7 z/ \8 _& L. S) kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, 7 g9 b8 I: q$ G% o 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, 9 H8 @! f' P. ~' Q; o4 c& u$ P font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">“ 1 Y. X$ m& ?) A" U mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”- z% g$ @" M4 I6 F* Y8 q7 b 12.0pt"> * [3 S; Y0 t% z- [* i% Y* \ "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

 

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- s9 M: Q' A* @mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, 3 g' i$ n0 s( R6 \% v9 e 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, 9 D$ o6 w" }0 f1 Xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 t) i# q' x6 t/ _7 a" W. }3 A"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, $ ?0 \$ W) _! n; b& r mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, / ~8 O3 `# x/ A3 N% |6 m; w" L宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, / b# l T8 p9 L7 Z/ G4 ?% [ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ ; L7 B' l; U/ q5 c! B+ Z3 F mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” " b4 @4 O- u+ m宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

 

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7 n4 t O! a) l. @宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, ; M8 f0 V- e1 ?( a) x9 c* s0 Q, [7 y! G, }$ H$ w l2 Z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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9 E0 n3 C1 T. nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, & H. `1 o' G6 f宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, 1 k2 n6 n, n& ` font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; M* g' N; s$ F"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, " Y5 |1 C1 I; k% W5 f# m; L! T$ a! n, a# ]/ u mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, ( r; P7 y7 d2 s1 w8 ~8 j! W5 s% { font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 u2 `7 h( k1 }' C" R5 K5 ?"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,: A5 a6 D8 v1 b: i% Y" a6 J; T 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, % s z5 o1 X X4 P) u$ Qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题, {$ `5 p8 | A/ f12.0pt">: - S/ b. x# j4 G* t. {/ f, A& f "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: ) d6 Y- L! u6 w# O; J( B, @ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . \' ^! o/ ]; J7 d7 B4 X) X"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才& L! v% X1 x7 }( t 12.0pt">, - ?1 ~4 l {. e% U l3 z "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, @9 Z; U: y$ _2 r font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 O; H( j2 [0 ["Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; 2 a) N W4 g3 N* ]) |; k# F8 P0 Rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, 9 r( ? K& @) P: }, l 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, 1 B9 G+ ^$ ]% Cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题% U( Q! ~: a' Y4 o$ E12.0pt">; 3 v! ~$ y$ G$ D& d7 m( R& t. a"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, 5 D0 `3 L% L; r0 T7 B& ?% g; c( pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 T4 O" |: P* y9 r"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求2 ]3 p7 L b+ T4 h1 c 12.0pt">: % D+ \! _1 U0 S$ b+ G" ] "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; }8 l: M1 S8 z4 J7 r5 wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, ' a& J3 h3 P- [: h/ c& j mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 9 f; U9 h. ?; g4 ]% v( C8 v font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " g3 R1 C$ O8 `' P"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统% l: S3 }- B# s4 l7 u& Q! T# p 12.0pt">:

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8 g) O: q# |/ ~3 J" C) S* c8 }mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ 4 r1 y F6 \. P 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” 2 Y8 i8 T* B9 }+ n# |- i宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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. P$ f! M3 Z I# a$ X2 G宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, 2 d, D! i# O2 G+ \& t5 ? I3 O: _* n' U: M$ g7 ?# q' Z/ afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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: o. j8 h" ]2 A9 tmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, . a8 J7 y4 `$ C+ C: r; A6 L font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: , F+ q9 v9 Z; ?"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, ' i. `- {$ |3 d5 x7 k宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, + e1 v7 ^, L* j+ i# Qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # N1 z. l7 X, \ G, g' K7 o"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, 0 `9 E R: y) j2 Z8 O( N! ]! O/ Amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, $ @& ~9 _( O7 k font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, * W* ]' T* X5 Z; y( f" P mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, ; r Z- [; W# b, B0 x# R 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: 0 Z/ Q1 h8 ]; v& k% `8 g0 A# Wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / D1 G4 n" p$ W8 {" Y"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, 9 Q4 C' K/ x6 I5 a: I7 ?1 Tmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, ; L7 a) a1 w4 [font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, - g; O7 Q2 k8 A0 T1 C 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

 

8 |8 H0 _! D$ h/ n r% Smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,2 l" O. a+ W$ i4 Bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定' r8 Y+ t, T* f( w) y/ {8 Z 12.0pt">, 7 Z& B; r9 q j* Y( v"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, |5 @. N$ y0 c9 K$ ], k# C font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:) x) c8 B) S5 D1 k+ u3 L/ w3 V0 }mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, o2 r1 K# A& ]9 x3 J: n宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, ( T, k8 f. v( W) c& z' ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 a8 K8 [% K* m q8 ~; p+ Q. X"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, " H. t9 t) S" x) Fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, " @8 Z l1 V/ D" f( ^ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; ]2 Q/ Y* _2 M- c"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: ; q8 l3 t% o" V+ D/ y4 Z5 b0 ?宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ + f1 Y: \" i- }宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, 2 x1 U1 b6 x+ L0 Lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! m3 F5 o/ _4 W2 E- j"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊