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漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

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见习秘书  发表于 2015-1-5 13:23:16 |阅读模式 打印 上一主题 下一主题
 
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# j. w9 p$ O! A0 F+ K8 N, f8 umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, $ x$ F2 e- m8 a9 F8 W7 ]1 l 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, ( e- g# N7 c0 e/ L font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% y& ?7 }) m) ]: X; w "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, + ^) J0 C" \* t3 ?宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,2 X; P7 [# P! N; f; E) Gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:0 |" A; W$ P4 h1 T, G "Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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. Q6 L5 ~ e+ @3 D7 ^1 h* m; y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, 5 t+ u3 n2 {; g0 a* M' ^, b宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, 6 j* u, i8 |- R8 l2 ^& G: f$ p font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, d- _% c& P3 w2 E2 O" z% v "Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, m% `! V7 K v# z) x ^2 E' J* ?- j3 t' M% z6 Q mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, " d, J9 l2 K6 b2 g9 ~! w 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, & Q% C5 y6 \8 [" }" E, g font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; C7 w0 j) X0 N6 f# `& E, L U"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, + A, @" N( S$ G0 D" {2 h, G8 A mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, 4 y6 b; ^$ V6 ^+ \, U- ?: a5 p宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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: H d3 z* o6 y1 ?! v宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因,/ W/ Z6 k1 p" K1 f" O! n : N8 `" ~+ m3 _ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:9 ^! y% L1 Z' R: ]5 | "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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2 Q0 e$ ~% c/ |6 } mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, 0 h$ M! X' l+ w1 e宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ : l+ H; e2 {' j' n4 c4 G+ } 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” & [2 @3 b- J6 Z9 d ?! F+ m宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ ( S6 c0 ^( r! A' u2 q6 _ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” " U- }; @0 h: K* X. T2 @; p宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, 2 P% L% z7 r% T1 b+ K( [ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 {. E% ?: I ~& a& x; c"Times New Roman"">前者为因, % `1 G7 ]' l' |0 A wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, ' c: Y5 w: L3 P6 w9 Yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: q9 R9 _! n$ G* Z/ c4 J "Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, ) Y! q+ E" v d7 K; \6 ~ L7 A% E) Z& ?4 A5 D* t3 C8 T" Cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, - T3 _: _7 S3 B+ C7 x5 M& u 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, & S! U1 ^. u2 Y2 l( T; M font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) H6 Q( G# Z. i) l7 V# ?# `9 Z& { "Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, 1 v" w2 A* }2 }( X0 d0 ? 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: 3 U0 f: [( S* B. e. Q2 W font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 C0 q8 {" x* k"Times New Roman"">“ 9 M; A) Q4 O) V, u mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? 0 A$ K' t% ^. O& \. d' |, I宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” . j$ q# n3 z" o6 B P宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, 2 f0 W _9 ~& w% Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) X6 u2 X& N/ I/ d% i' z "Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: 9 C( \/ o' c% e/ N; X- `7 ^; O6 y) b1 Emso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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# ~+ y3 }9 G$ u% F% ^2 k. N mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 # c* P% F4 w1 n: C b- Y# h 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, 4 _% U0 l% [0 c- ?6 d0 a U T! T font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:6 Q- x7 U+ K& v$ z% H# n6 `, k "Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, ! p: }4 F% I: \2 i, {% \" u8 o$ X mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, + t, H$ d, U% W1 Q6 y% U. sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:- S. o j8 X/ E0 n0 c "Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, G/ _( m9 n( r" d# k9 a. kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 f* X' v- ]5 S5 e G7 P0 d- i mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里" w" |9 S/ ^; Xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 & N) P# S |# p: ^" B v mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(! o3 H9 L+ r9 n" K宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), ! I; k5 T2 t' ~font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 ^$ q m& x X! c! e0 o"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用8 s! [+ B, S* F2 N8 D) P12.0pt">, e* I( z8 t1 ~4 ]2 P8 D- G"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, 5 ^$ k' I; H' ~- b8 i- G font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 f; r2 E# X4 W, y, w- j"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, 2 r/ S z: w% A mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!* T- I9 o, s3 k1 v- Z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, 4 H' E, O4 d; \4 n# n. ]7 c% ] font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:8 X6 ?. N+ |- l; e4 |5 Z "Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: / D5 }1 \8 s$ f& W* l mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, ' [" B* q* b8 }$ B宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, 9 {- [; S4 |4 ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & U7 Z5 [% d; [% [8 N' c0 s"Times New Roman"">“ % b3 e- B7 v6 {9 L# U9 `mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”( p" G6 ~0 L7 r/ C( b7 e" ? 12.0pt"> 3 M; F$ f! ?9 z ?: G "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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0 _* f/ A2 Q3 w9 N# }) A: P! s, nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, 4 R: q- j6 A- u+ o6 c2 j5 ]2 x 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, 0 d8 ?# _5 A( v" ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 B$ j1 D: ~6 H; H "Times New Roman"">即果溯式, : _1 C3 B9 B9 H# d mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, 1 {0 M! h6 L6 X* l6 n) ] 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, 4 B0 o$ [ _2 Z0 Nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:! n' ]- c1 x$ |7 Z+ N "Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ " [* Z% u* J. p: R$ T mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” # c& `( n* l: G C1 ]6 i! m宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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! E8 G1 h& k: v9 c; x, A v 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣,) B4 X) v' f0 w! F4 U. D& } 1 _7 C, l( Q( {& I+ u( \( jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " a* l9 \( k; N9 _% ~8 g"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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! B( d- x0 a, H, o7 H! s, G( Fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, , A* t. A6 v% J$ B宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, 9 U' g$ e: `1 r font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - `1 _) D3 Z2 j6 a3 l7 N* B; ^4 C1 |"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素,. U) a' [9 X$ X3 t. S 3 k* Z1 D% K8 U5 j* y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, 7 N f3 l. X [( S1 w font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:* D8 G' S, I9 B3 s" Y "Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,# A* R/ a1 ]- @3 h, ] 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, # A" Y5 l4 v) ~7 g k+ x4 Afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 P. r( e5 B3 U/ }"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题/ {" n* w' Z1 \, r1 }5 V% z12.0pt">: / Y, F) I D& [1 W+ ~9 y, ?; p "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: 8 Q. |' ?1 A. }4 {" j, L6 I6 N+ Z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: L" i- U* y( {7 o E# ~ "Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才 V; a% N- k' ~* {% }12.0pt">, # U" b# h2 R* K9 M) E/ q "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, + v4 J4 d- h/ y, B Q( Z' t font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:# A& f3 v- \! o9 J "Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; 2 I" V' d) `* Q& _" a mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, , p2 D: Q, _6 G宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, . ]( ~8 U& X0 o; N8 T# a' n7 |) Q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:' K% J) ?: N% c( J5 }" v: N "Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题3 \1 ]/ Q% d0 ]3 h 12.0pt">; ( [9 y3 u- Q, P "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, * f+ ?( C" D0 E: ^ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / a+ t1 ]& D$ b$ M"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求2 l- w4 ^! \; r( A8 Y 12.0pt">: 4 j5 e1 C4 j- p' c) V1 ]"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; * _9 `6 y- ?) G" Q5 a# ~0 L+ y- qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' Y3 [- N1 K4 J* q( W* Z"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, , g1 B* N2 l0 e1 u* m3 H7 omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, + e* c6 \! k% Q2 o; g. T font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * l* @9 P, w0 e5 F0 H+ l"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统 O. C/ K! P8 U% N$ l8 l7 b 12.0pt">:

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& b# g0 X9 Q ?* v宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总,% J- z1 B. W, ^; I6 Q+ o 6 U; p: f3 B! w" Z8 q1 O6 r font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:- w6 H( j( H4 E7 w0 H "Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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7 b9 l( _! y) C9 L mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, $ p1 u: k/ g3 g& Tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) x( C6 g$ e1 O; s( w) `; y "Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, " ]( }8 n2 M# f- y' E! ^0 E0 v* a 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, 0 O$ Q% C" S: K font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 n* D- n" c1 T8 O, R"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, ! a1 U3 K# P1 L3 B: ?; U! ^0 b( G! h! Gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, / I) {" w9 f2 \+ y4 t font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( W, f1 z! x0 Z# r"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, ( e9 y- ^4 |( q1 t6 T4 s$ M; kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, 4 ~1 A6 [, p: R2 Z% A! h) F 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: $ J" c0 @. j0 j- g( s& `! @# o' D' | font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! C% O* O) o8 ~# I"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, . Q! F8 K, P. t/ z4 a7 p$ Kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, " y q' Z/ J5 b; v. Tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: , Z) S) F* A' K"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, 1 h1 B* \. S$ B7 `' x, m 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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9 ]6 R0 k* q- P9 d. g; A+ y( \ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,1 E M3 O }- c3 c9 Nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:8 Y# T( @; O% R( D( ]" ^8 V6 d# [ "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定) x9 |7 o% G1 s2 ]/ K 12.0pt">, 8 s/ v1 f* z# R3 S "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, ( S7 ^/ `4 y* ] E! L0 D, {( H/ d font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:9 W% \ ]3 [9 @( c9 g# B2 k "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:3 a2 s6 _/ `8 _6 i/ b* R mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, 9 _' w7 V7 J& T6 _' ~. F 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, . y) y+ T) q: D1 }- N0 X1 v3 i font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " H$ x) {, Z0 W, a$ W"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, v+ m% S' \6 W7 `: v, U mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, + k! w; w, ^5 y3 p- A font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) V, s' l% p* e) `, ?"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: 2 f, e. Q5 D2 E# {5 b 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ & a" C3 q: Q: G5 }+ q* A1 S& ~ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, 3 O' _3 U' X) ~& m/ e' Q# ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:. x n' |; n0 U. K "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊

 
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