漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

+ I$ g! N4 }0 h" d2 B3 I mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, % F# _& R# ?" s; Q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, 9 D; C$ P) C5 g q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, 0 X* e) `( T1 R5 V! V1 m, y 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,* o" x6 [9 l" S* vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 N+ p- M2 P+ [5 m! t' y/ L"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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, F* q0 L5 _( B6 }: tmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, ' `2 Q0 \$ e F9 W/ E0 M1 v$ ?宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, : a7 \! I& U$ k% w6 s/ H/ afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: , d( G1 T6 d! I"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, 1 `! r+ E- i; _, T9 F1 Q8 V0 ?% b6 v3 O( r+ _; n& A6 W' ?8 Y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, 2 n& P. U/ m( h* q5 } 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, # m- \) C' H \9 X6 w7 N% ^ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, 8 g5 p" }1 W( O$ f* S# N mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, - ~1 X$ ]; m+ ^: K, s# c) ^: d宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

 

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8 h) o# S! q% p4 k$ j: k宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, 9 t# H/ T" `5 J0 L7 _4 T9 u1 a7 m& l* H) r7 | font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! R; Y# I: f4 }0 Z0 N/ A; F"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

 

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* }( g9 {4 N* m4 B/ Z+ j! [ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, ; s. g6 l7 }7 t) ?; A宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ + m( Q: _2 M/ }/ y! v0 A$ S( t0 i宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” 9 M! M) }' w( g% e* M宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ 3 U. v- n' A+ g m宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” 6 D& y8 M4 U1 S. c; M# l 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, : H/ ?5 A* l8 I9 R# K# ` font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # h6 `2 Z$ t% y6 F* l"Times New Roman"">前者为因, - b9 o: ?$ T" ~# E1 [9 g mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, 0 f" p3 g9 ~8 \3 l; y( p font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, 6 _) s }" Q: |* e: U( H: e2 G) G9 h5 M$ ^ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, 4 o# i2 j: S- X" \! g; S0 `' ? 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, % q2 P" B% \0 g H- M O( n9 O font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 a$ b+ H; A5 G Q2 Y t"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, " p) T; G; N2 a1 i/ p 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: ; s$ j7 l0 `' z1 G" T% h: ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">“ J8 @7 {; V& l9 Ymso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? 5 `/ G- V v2 ?) O7 } 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” : h+ A7 h5 Q( B宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, d0 B- h' T) }- h* [font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + e# a7 o' q E! X) x( I"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: 3 t- [- A& u0 k' i4 Cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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/ A' |9 U6 ]! Z, u4 K mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 X. W' S3 ^ l! n2 N9 n6 d 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, ! b+ M- D0 T) W4 e& A W0 t! W font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 j) ?* Z; W$ o) m A"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, 8 h% m% v/ o3 v; ]' }mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, - G* G7 U0 v+ e) S% Dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " \& R( g8 G6 w# i3 ]"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, + f8 ]. ~! B/ [# Y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 # ?, L& c' d- t @$ E, [& R; [5 }& M mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里2 R8 H; o6 e- R! Q, l mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 , d# o: J+ u$ B& c1 y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(& W4 E1 I) n* K5 O! r 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), U: c. B4 d+ E. A( y2 h& y4 v% dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: t, X& ]1 Q$ x"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用7 }3 y3 x) ]% w9 |, w4 ^* ]12.0pt">, ' [! Y8 B% t+ C3 g% L$ \4 E"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, : t) p# Z L9 ]# y$ `! @! l- ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 O) N) e2 y: n& g5 z"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, G7 X% G% T3 q# X5 U0 ?mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!4 `8 l( \, L8 c% Q. |3 u2 L5 o 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, ! O5 j. \5 }7 F# L font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 t0 C$ }8 n& o& Q/ M# K. o1 B- f0 U"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: * _2 @5 A6 U( l% J3 A) ` mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, 6 p5 I( O, [; m8 `- v1 g0 M; g宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, $ D4 k, Z, F3 O; { font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - A, i1 `4 h& E4 ?"Times New Roman"">“ ! K" T/ `6 E8 K: ~2 jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”* g3 I6 j& s0 i. T! j: L3 n 12.0pt"> % W$ O4 O- \/ U, f% J1 ?8 H m2 O! q "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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i, N5 B% v8 i2 B mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, ; {! [0 C& }6 i9 [# {2 o9 }宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, ; b( g! E: u Z+ m font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 F1 Y6 R+ {- v0 A- ^"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 7 H w( t: `8 a7 \! v mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, " s6 n3 ]) Z. O# C+ z! ^ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, ( O7 N) A! G3 k% n! a8 Yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " n, \6 ] R, K, `"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ 6 c0 ^" D1 y5 X6 n$ Tmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” 8 ~* \1 p0 W/ j4 t* h宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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7 l8 P" U7 {. V5 M3 v3 A 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, # [% B" V$ r( o4 N2 Q% g7 X+ c$ V7 `font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 6 i4 g ^) M& r1 U, f. M& G5 A; Q6 R"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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( ?2 h) x3 J! ` mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, V+ z5 _- Q5 e: b宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, 1 Z1 ~' M8 k7 y, O0 C font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 Y- @9 F: a5 Z) k! o' e"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, & v2 [ E Q$ ^6 {9 D3 x7 K# X2 A, A1 Z mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, 7 y. z( O2 d! j: Y/ u font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - Z2 t; S- ?8 N; P1 I4 k% E! a8 O# Y"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,; ]" d. G1 \1 {% ]# m7 N 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, - H) q& P1 q% x. @, t: Z' t8 |font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题% l5 V0 V. Z, o( W3 a12.0pt">: ! W% B1 B) l j# F "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: % j. H5 X. a/ M) R0 M1 c Vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才! `! o* S" Z( p 12.0pt">, ; \% |9 j S1 i; n "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, Y' z3 m& H. ]: f font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; 7 _; @( D' n$ i- P8 k mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, ; e' R+ l" M3 D 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, . e4 \% p/ J, N8 v7 yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题9 G% V6 o- T- m$ h1 I, n12.0pt">; % \% D8 Y: u3 T: \, V5 R+ L"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, $ c+ p2 Z5 j& _ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % k4 Z# b% \4 o% r"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求' Y2 [0 _6 R$ g: @) z# E 12.0pt">: , I# l7 ?' `3 H5 Q "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; / E v# ^# [- V( w font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + I3 H( i& K7 c7 b. H"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, " L* p6 z- b) R# j; M/ t mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 2 x* c- G i9 q( t Z( |& Qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # \; [; @" h% v' N1 N: Z4 e, R"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统, f( V8 G4 }8 U2 s0 G# {- C) q# v12.0pt">:

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/ q1 F$ X9 n0 a" a" Gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ ; h$ C7 B& Z9 w" `4 ^& s6 Y' v 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” % r4 [( B6 o7 i' R. v宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

 

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+ T9 |2 B, F% E. D: x; T$ `" z% [宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, 7 e# _/ k5 a4 l" R+ I2 p) }8 U( @% N3 r) v$ M H, i! \ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 t/ V" i- \4 U! A; X8 L"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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! W' o# M: P y% v( mmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, T+ z' ]- u. e, m font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' p7 O$ W/ \1 L b# a! c2 R"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, 6 }: t) }: y3 k 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, 9 n/ l$ J! x( ?0 w; \' c font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, 5 ~# C3 ^2 Y) A) j J/ v- D3 [5 Xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, " B5 }$ n* ~/ p- Rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! A* C$ V' u A( Z9 `/ X& Z7 S8 Q7 q"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, : t/ t2 M+ U \3 \ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, : A4 m. G- y z+ Y9 C% ^0 X% W# z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: * \* k6 ^/ O3 Lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, % p+ @/ a( q1 ^6 B- zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, * o4 _1 X9 Q q7 U; ^font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 [' ~( y' G1 R* p+ C6 C! A4 x"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, 4 z' F3 v5 P5 a9 p* G7 e宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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5 c9 q$ l3 L- X: u) jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,* }; E8 ?6 {! j- E9 n5 jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定, ~6 v" }# F% r5 y12.0pt">, . U4 }: l: t2 W A$ _ "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, : f. q, K& Z1 O7 o& x font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:' i, \% o/ \3 xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, 4 {$ h) p( T0 O4 Q9 m 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, ! N# _& T# b* ~8 ~! G2 Z. f8 ` font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, ' X4 L4 a _- [% M mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, . G6 p4 ]: I6 Ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: ; W+ x3 a, N% e6 |' Q, u% k宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ ! U9 {! L0 d" ^& e 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, 8 V" \# ] o% S+ cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊