今日下午3：30贾陆英老师《论语》问答录在老秘网QQ群“重温经典读书会”准时开讲。本期学习讨论《论语》为政篇第1章，网友们的参与热情高涨。老猫出差刚回，现整理如下：
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; [3 f' S. d H# B+ _& iTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">今天下午，我们学习讨论《论语》为政篇第5 v, a9 W& i' m% r# z% w
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6 p" f) E. L- q8 c9 v$ pmso-font-kerning:0pt">为政以德，譬如北辰，居其所而众星共之。( F1 m4 |3 T9 q9 |1 K# ?color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">"
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) J: ?8 P. d/ {+ }" M. h( rTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">北辰：指北极星。所：处所、位置。共：同拱，环绕。比喻众多的人簇拥着一个被他们尊敬的人，或许多东西围绕着一个中心。/ R6 m# y0 @( T3 E$ h: S) {0 H
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">孔子说：2 s# b3 q; m! {, y0 z10.5pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">“3 `4 H: T" d' P. M
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8 Z8 j" U$ B# l# D" P7 G* D* zmso-font-kerning:0pt">靠高尚的品德来施政，这样的为政者好比是北极星，居于自己的位置上，众多的星星都环绕着它。( G5 T1 l* `6 K! {2 h: a6 f% M* w
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6 }9 L; K3 T7 r0 Bmso-font-kerning:0pt">问：这句话表达了孔子的什么主张？; Z! `9 Q: s# f) g
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">答：孔子以北辰居其中而众星环绕作比喻，深刻揭示了具有高尚品德对于为政者的重要性，具体、形象、生动地表达了孔子的德治思想。当时，在如何治理国家的问题上，主要有两种主张：其一是依靠政令刑法，强制百姓服从；其二是通过道德教化，引导百姓走上正道。孔子主张后者，强调为政者首先要以自己高尚的品德为榜样，尔后才能教化、影响、引导民众。0 z7 s1 d. u8 O% p2 j: Y0 }
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">以政令刑法，民治而心不服，以礼仪道德，民治而心服3 Q+ p$ O$ W5 l
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/ \" y# p7 g+ }6 }Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">仁政具体指的是什么？道德层面的东西我觉得都太虚了，没有一个标准。同志们认为呢- L9 c* H) ? u7 nmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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2 M( ~( p# t6 E( Y, ?+ J0 Emso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">以政令刑法，民治而心不服，以礼仪道德，民治而心服" o2 K- @0 Y; k. J( s% S+ amso-font-kerning:0pt">——) ~# j2 j1 A- \- ]5 c$ ?font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;: b. [6 K2 L( V9 }8 V7 F* \1 L! U
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">道之以政，齐之以刑，民免而无耻；道之以德，齐之以礼，有耻且格。: P9 A( h& f d& x2 `5 z
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! H. `$ H4 Q; B N: u% t3 smso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">德是孔子所说的君子之道吗？孔子的人性不分善恶，他信奉有教无类。我认为是孔子信奉的是德治礼治，而不是德治法治，儒法结合是后人的创新4 U3 W3 b, H1 m5 `4 l( amso-font-kerning:0pt">
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">儒家法家绝对是治国两大法宝，是不是有说内法外王。希望依靠道德来治理国家。道德高尚至极只能是圣人，而不是君王。君王要有仁爱之心，但不能妄想通过道德来治理国家吧。干部要清明、清廉、清白# ]- o2 ]6 ^: G' Hmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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1 o* U( c/ \: O* {3 GTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">贾老师，学生认为：政令刑罚、道德教化二者不可偏其一，无道德教化，民暴而戾，无政令刑罚，民散而慢。总而言之，应用儒家思想来做人，用发家思想来做事，这也符合我们的辩证法思想。儒法相结合不是从以往执政者所言的外儒内法。应该是在去除封建统治者为维护统治所宣扬的糟粕基础上，留下儒家所宣扬的大仁、大爱的思想，在结合现代化的法制、民主的精神，才是真正的儒法结合。一味从古，不如不学1 j$ W$ Z' R+ _
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">现在不是都在强调以民为本，为人民服务么$ X! w3 q* f6 S# X
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" E1 _0 y# r; a8 P) q$ Mmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">这一思想的文化渊源，就是德治、仁政思想。德是孔子所说的君子之道吗？+ i8 C6 {! E* O9 U6 H, O5 umso-font-kerning:0pt">——, {5 ?- |4 |. I- Afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;+ U2 I! B9 H: S
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">“贾老师，学生认为：政令刑罚、道德教化二者不可偏其一，无道德教化，民暴而戾，无政令刑罚，民散而慢。总而言之，应用儒家思想来做人，用发家思想来做事，这也符合我们的辩证法思想”+ h0 p& u) T: o' j' Q8 ?: j g
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">基本赞同。孔子所说5 g8 i! Y. @* [* M$ |. Vmso-font-kerning:0pt">"9 o# I3 x& w3 p" Z; g6 zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
4 |. M8 n$ E1 x1 z% dmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">道之以政，齐之以刑，民免而无耻；道之以德，齐之以礼，有耻且格。" _5 o/ D; v, n- m& ~. P
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' y# Q% `8 i2 [+ O! {; T) kmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">本身就包含着德治与法治相结合的观点。8 a* h7 @' ]) O, e7 d4 Rmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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r2 ^4 D7 i8 [$ R9 L1 Pmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">人性本善9 _* @! @+ j; Y# @# J* ] C
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. V3 J/ ]2 r i$ gmso-font-kerning:0pt">人性本恶。人性本善，礼仪道德，天下大和。人性本恶，礼仪道德，与虎谋皮啊: x0 B) l/ b0 i2 i' O1 Mmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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& r! T+ B! `# _" {: ETahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">我认为国治才能民安，所以教化没人人外儒是必要的，每个人也都有义务做到外儒！民安后如何能够实现久安呢？这就需要内法的作用啦！2 w; k3 Y% R0 w+ O- \: ymso-font-kerning:0pt">
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+ j: W& M3 D* N. o8 _; pTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">我觉得现在很多人被大众观念里的道德观绑架了，就出现了所谓的装和假; y3 N8 M: q) K$ pmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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) p" i6 Q( d3 y4 A7 E% T; fTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">儒学是以伦理道德思想为特质的观念体系，这是它区别于世界上其他文明的显著特征之一。儒学是以礼乐文明为中心的文化系统，这是它区别于世界上其他文明的又一显著特征。现在确有一些人认为，道德修养方面的问题是, P! k0 d6 w4 l5 u4 W0 b/ vmso-font-kerning:0pt">“) l1 m1 R6 y1 P" Y) ]- W! {font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;5 q+ t+ |( |, K
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，没有必要小题大做。这种认识是十分错误和有害的。$ d# b2 T8 R( h# J; y) E1 F+ Nmso-font-kerning:0pt">“+ F5 F8 V5 N- z8 ~7 \0 C4 j
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">如果一个国家仅仅依靠法治来获得长治久安，这样的安既不是真正的安，也不是长久安，只有人民懂得礼义廉耻，知道为什么要采取法律的约束，懂得法治的观念，才能获得真正的治。当年斯大林可谓利用政令无所不用其极了，等到逝世，立刻反弹 f/ X4 ]* z% [- J: n8 {mso-font-kerning:0pt">
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">中央从当前领导班子和干部队伍建设的实际出发，突出强调选拔任用干部要坚持德才兼备、以德为先的标准。这一标准既强调了德与才缺一不可，又突出了德的主导作用，强调选人用人要坚持以德为前提、以德为基础、以德为先决条件。干部一旦失去- H# N5 s9 Y& W. {# Q
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) f9 {- k' m6 C+ xmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就失去了被提拔重用的基本资格。大家一定要深刻领会，并以此作为自己成长进步的正确导向。在当前新形势下，干部的德主要体现在哪些方面呢？一是有坚定的理想信念，这样才能在任何时候、任何环境中，都站在党和人民的立场上想问题、办事情。二是坚持执政为民，这样才能真正做到为民用权、为民谋利、为民守责。三是作风清正廉洁，这样才能堂堂正正做人，干干净净干事，得到群众拥护。我国古代思想家都强调为官从政要以修身为本、正己为先。要成为一名合格的国家公务员，就应当有自觉高尚的道德追求，养成良好的职业操守，敬业奉献，全心全意地服务于国家、社会和人民。# [2 @' s( n9 S, } L
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">搞文字出身的，可以说是最正统的夫子门徒，他的思想和做法，包括杀少正卯的儒法兼施做法，我都是十分赞同的，也希望社会今后采取这种治理模式。不过，谁会用？外来的和尚会念经啊。我们是秘书啊。这几天常看到一句话，一看到我就怄气想吐血，这句话叫做：身在兵位，胸为帅谋！兄弟，我是秘书，年纪比领导小，资历比领导浅，阅历没有领导丰富，情况没有领导掌握的多，上头的意图不知道，业务活动不能参加，我能够为领导谋到领导如意，哥哥，那在这种情况下我搞出来的东西能够让领导满意，那我不是神童就是领导肚子里的蛔虫了！我真有这本事，我还来伺候你这个本事不如我的，我下海去了！我赞成夫子的：道不行3 c( |3 v! I. ?( F, }# Mmso-font-kerning:0pt"> , O0 Q! O0 i: F8 t q% E/ z
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3 q! _( u0 T( T8 t) r2 \: P. gmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">乘槎浮于海；孟子的：穷则独善其身，达则兼济天下。我不信运动式的说教能够让既得利益者提高自身的修养。" ~" d, \4 M7 c2 D) M- M5 H8 n
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">孔子的继承人荀子，明确提出了" ]8 ~4 z$ [% J4 c2 n9 X0pt">“( r! N. L( Z @5 `' {Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;1 L F ^& q- j, e# c7 q
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">的主张，为我们今天坚持依法治国与以德治国相结合，提供了重要的历史借鉴。青年时期是形成良好思想道德品质的关键时期。尤其是在改革开放和发展社会主义市场经济的条件下，在世界范围各种思想文化交流、交融、交锋更加频繁的情况下，处在人生起步阶段的青年，更要注重培养优良品德，解决好立身做人的问题，为报效祖国、服务人民、奉献社会奠定坚实的思想道德基础。) [+ q" S0 A/ K! x0 tmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">荀子发展了孔子的人性说，认为人性本恶，故赞扬礼法结合。孔子说：德之不修，是吾忧也。今人，多不修德之辈。建议今人多学论语！在其位，谋其政，为人谋而尽忠，人之本色也！这是德，工作上有本事，那是才！9 w2 G" t$ Y$ @+ J. V F8 d% ]/ [9 m3 ?mso-font-kerning:0pt">
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">加强道德修养，还要处理好以下三个方面的关系：8 y' U" R* Y4 S: r4 Z+ d3 X4 T
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">中，德治思想遭到粗暴批判和否定，其影响所及，导致一些领导干部把道德修养看做) ~# K1 @1 u/ S V# ]
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2 Z) t& W4 A" i- Hmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，认为没有必要小题大做。我们制定了许多法律，也惩治了不少贪官，这无疑是完全必要的。但是，为什么fubai问题仍有蔓延之势呢？一个重要原因就是缺乏具体、深入、有效的思想道德教育，致使一些人精神空虚、价值观错位。这恰恰印证了孔子之言。事实告诉我们，无限夸大道德教化的作用固然不可取，但是，贬低道德教化的重要作用，同样是要不得的。法律所规定的只是强制人们遵守的道德底线，而理想、信念、道德教育才能引导人们明善恶，辨美丑，知荣辱，具有奋发向上的人生追求，从而在全社会形成弘扬正气的巨大力量。( [( z; O }1 wmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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. w8 e) J6 \+ a1 w- M0 kTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">身在兵位，胸为帅谋！兄弟，我是秘书，年纪比领导小，资历比领导浅，阅历没有领导丰富，情况没有领导掌握的多，上头的意图不知道，业务活动不能参加，我能够为领导谋到领导如意，哥哥，那在这种情况下我搞出来的东西能够让领导满意，那我不是神童就是领导肚子里的蛔虫了！我真有这本事，我还来伺候你这个本事不如我的，我下海去了！+ m+ ?; G. y2 e3 o3 o b( ^2 j
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">这话只说对一小部分。在中国历史上，法治和德治如同车之两轮、鸟之双翼，对调整社会关系、维护社会秩序发挥着重要作用，是治理国家的两种根本手段。在& R/ I3 X5 N2 k2 fmso-font-kerning:0pt">“0 b/ D& G9 j, Q* _) v0 r$ Z2 rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;+ L6 u3 ^ t( {. F+ d0 g# }! u
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">古人认为，地震的产生是因为地气的郁结，民众有怨气被压制，所以沉郁底下，形成地震，当然，比较说法唯心，大家就当一笑而过。法治是根本，德治是补充- d, g$ z& Q8 q2 ~ _. s9 M. U6 imso-font-kerning:0pt">——8 j, ^' _5 N' w9 y; s: L
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- I- y+ S: B9 |: m' g+ L( oTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">世风日下，中国人多学习孔子的、孟子、荀子的思想对提升国人的素质是大有裨益的9 S, ~% c9 R7 d1 S9 V3 c
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">再好的法，也要人来执行。过去有人批吕日周，现在有人说仇和的怪话，我倒觉得，千人之诺诺，不如一士之谔谔。$ p: K; X8 @7 a% H# V1 O' xmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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5 {" m' R1 E) o* ]) I# B% y% DTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">个人观点：现代社会的整体框架应以现代法治和民主为基础，德治伦理应作为法治不及处之补充，法乃与国家而言，德乃与个人而言。 x) ^- r- {* J/ d8 B9 F: P* A# hmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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$ q- T, o4 g1 ?; {: k# WTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">法制是必须的，维护统治者的利益，德治是教化，是辅助法制的，利于法治的推行。9 Z# r. u4 g1 C
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; @' b9 {: [) H9 D* MTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">秘书也要有德：想领导之所想、忧领导之所忧，是根本要求。( r" [5 [# p" ^1 |1 s/ M; mmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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4 H/ _9 l3 Q* J, PTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">法治是根本，德治是补充0 |. A2 Q8 l) |0 l. G0pt">——* \9 J; K- B7 @5 h3 @) r2 E* P
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5 z1 ]8 E( q* ]. qTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">荀子按照知识结构而言当属杂家，按照主要贡献来说当属儒家！
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font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
- c5 r* F" C2 m% u9 m1 L+ b8 k, i- ^ tmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">这个观点也值得商榷。习总最近说：人无德不立，国无德不兴。德绝非仅仅是个人之事，而是关系一个国家治国方略的大事。古代中国被称为礼仪之邦，就突显了德治的治国方略。 y. o8 Y( j2 L( dmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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/ k# C2 m7 K/ _/ {+ K; n8 ETahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">贾老所言有理，但是您说的国之德的内涵应该是什么呢？国之法我认为应该是契约精神，这应该是主流0 |0 y- `; ^& ?* kmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">不敢扶是因为无法，不是因为无德 E8 F6 q& G/ O$ v7 }! P
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">太推崇法治了。可以扶，可以不扶，怎么选择，是德的修养，不是法的欠缺。德政礼治，需要全社会共同推进，不仅仅是执政者的修养。秀才遇见兵怎么办？8 y) \* C- X+ l3 Amso-font-kerning:0pt">
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">的关系上，荀子继承孔子的观点，认为礼是高于法的。& \9 @ F& x6 @ B) F W+ @+ S0pt">——/ m4 u; Q6 M& A ?- N9 G- t+ b" ]
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">这就奠定了他作为儒家继承人的地位。后世一些儒者不承认这一点，有点门户之见。荀子处战国后期，百家争鸣时代，吸收道、法等各家学术观点，不奇怪，也是儒学发展之必要，必然。国之德的内涵应该是什么呢？1 a) @& x. N" F- \9 W
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* q5 E9 {& d* w1 qmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">其内涵具有时代性。当今时代，就是社会主义核心价值体系。其具体化为社会主义核心价值观。十八大报告有表述。十八大报告用1 d- M1 S5 {4 w, i) ^$ i" t2 zmso-font-kerning:0pt">“8 w# L* ~$ j" S( a; J4 bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;6 Q- Z/ P$ G# v: H9 W( a1 V3 T
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">三个倡导( M, h7 |5 R9 I3 xmso-font-kerning:0pt">”) `7 f8 j/ x; k. r4 `font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;" s$ B! ?" ]% r" l& Y
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">表述了社会主义核心价值观。在国家层面，倡导: H( Z; U6 K0 c# K J3 H
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& {. E% p8 k$ A3 f6 t3 A3 lmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">富强、民主、文明、和谐* g6 e; H9 v9 L& umso-font-kerning:0pt">”* ?* M0 C b3 ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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; r/ B# _2 ^& M4 ymso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">个字，是到本世纪中叶建设社会主义现代化国家的发展目标，已经写入党章和宪法，反映了党、国家和人民的共同意志和中华民族伟大复兴的光明愿景，是国家主导价值观，在核心价值观中居于统领地位；在社会层面，倡导8 i2 S2 S# P' C! ^8 O
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">自由、平等、公正、法治, M5 ?! H. @- v* l3 ~3 x% s
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. L; B1 C# \- W) wmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">个字，既是引领现代文明走向的人类共同价值准则和理想社会目标，又是我们党和国家始终追求和奉行的核心价值理念，着眼于确立社会发展的价值导向，在核心价值观中发挥着重要支柱作用；在公民个人层面，倡导9 A3 {8 R% p( W
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">爱国、敬业、诚信、友善' P: O& N: S" ^mso-font-kerning:0pt">”5 M( ^$ v. o7 \; ~/ afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">个字，着眼于构建民间社会的底线伦理，是作为价值主体的每个公民所应遵循的根本道德规范，在核心价值观中居于基础地位。社会主义核心价值观的表述，涵盖了社会各界的意见、反映了现阶段全国人民在价值共识上的最大公约数。3 m# Z V& }0 C V2 G
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- L% H, X) [5 \! aTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">就好比刚一位兄弟说的，我们作为秘书，有时候会遇到低水平、低能力的领导，但按照契约精神，我们既然进入这个行业，拿了工资，就必须做好我们的本职工作，服务百姓，服务领导，这就是我们的本职工作" H3 ~- F7 D* M# [5 J2 hmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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4 v$ B* s! }0 _1 U8 d( ?# [2 t' vTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">德政与法治，关键还是执行的人，执法者、执政者的道德修养如何起很大的作用。5 U$ b9 r4 @9 \/ f( rmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">德政与法治，关键还是执行的人，执法者、执政者的道德修养如何起很大的作用。6 Z/ ?( ^! k' qmso-font-kerning:0pt">——/ C1 j/ {. W6 b w' O
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;* R; ]3 b" \" |# w0 ^+ ^- q
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">这就是孔子提出6 g8 `! T# n: F* ^4 i
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">为政以德; E* y! Q% W% a" T+ e9 wmso-font-kerning:0pt">”# u9 m6 h7 Z2 f$ w5 q M, H4 H
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">的道理。这可以作为今天的总结。" V3 Y: ^/ t0 c5 n- o% u
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# g7 q+ x& M6 zmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">德6 T$ m( a: q2 e+ V4 v& f
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是基础，- q: w, x# w: s1 j2 Wmso-font-kerning:0pt">“% G6 ?; ]' w, t7 W% y0 m
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是上层建筑。$ A c0 W4 ^2 H
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">德与法都属上层建筑。法是政治制度上层建筑。德是思想领域上层建筑。希望大家在学习党的基本理论方面，多下功夫，坚持数年，必有好处。再见，谢谢。5 h+ {1 w: @6 o. x; S
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