8 p+ R! d7 U# ]9 J0 A* s8 R! o' Ymso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, , A, K5 ~( f# S9 d宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, , D) a5 G) q1 V P
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, + f( ]; c% `' ~宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,& m+ k' _! \- c0 ?) r
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。
2 D0 |/ {# h" j3 \( K) V2 i
' n9 W( k8 G; {% O( U/ v& U
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, * I% L, F% L+ x2 C2 i% c宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, 8 \' G9 @- O1 a# Z. B4 gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:! Q3 A0 Q7 g' r4 `& U
"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题,& b- {) D, o6 c- g8 L- c/ f- f Y
4 v$ E$ k9 i! N* Z0 V
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, ' O# N0 s6 i2 p7 W n
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, 6 F7 R% B; N8 F: Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 d( ]8 T k, D+ U5 x m: `
"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, 6 [, i; B$ G* k- L; J! v
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, ' M5 f, c6 D, y, c, s宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。
; N) k# D9 T/ Y4 B+ J. n宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因,7 j, r5 l- e7 g
6 O# `/ K- h4 Z: ]0 a' f/ G# Y
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 u" U1 d1 _' q: T* A( A! G7 x
"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构
! M* p) K, [/ j3 E
8 e$ ~+ c; t: a, }3 |; P9 T6 q9 Z/ Tmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, $ `1 N8 K1 }' V9 u
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ & x; ?* [# s) u; ^( y+ {宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” P/ z# E0 O7 ~5 F. @0 C4 K宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ " G; k9 H" j9 y: \# q
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” / Y6 `- H+ i5 j! V" s7 s
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, : y" C/ Q2 G# n. `0 D
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ U0 d) P8 F! V; C9 `) ~
"Times New Roman"">前者为因, 6 { Y/ _1 z; V2 W; @. d
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, ! H7 B0 z( t& f: Q- @! p) Jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,; W- ?/ z5 Q7 g, J$ a3 v; O
2 k+ w0 F+ w5 Z. o D$ I
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, + o1 V$ Y& p V- B2 N1 K宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, O+ W. R. [. @9 F+ S' k2 _
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:. ^* Q3 }) s9 ]! {$ a) _" N
"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, 3 J$ Q5 ~9 U. b
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: ! n, y4 F* m% Q7 S+ Kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">“ 1 M1 U8 c* a$ c; I% b8 _. @6 Hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? 1 N/ M- q! Y4 }宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” 5 h" @) C) `/ X* }1 h& s宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, + N$ @) u. ~9 C, J
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 \; K3 k5 G. p; N) ?- N% `
"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:
5 N# N! ~" T9 ~* i$ \
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。
& P; A4 f- z$ V8 ~) P
2 C2 p& T4 I$ F! z0 j
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 ' S- `' d8 M5 x5 c. {! {, ?
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, ! A+ g8 i0 d5 N& u$ l
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,
6 K: d" \, K/ ]( ^* Kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, ; g+ q' a# d- O
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: b2 B2 s# R$ G/ m+ g/ Y% |
"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, 4 G; y' Z$ @2 `8 v3 z$ e6 r: b+ z2 @
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7
" ^' [8 o0 w% ~4 }. t$ d" W, r ' B8 y7 o0 s4 \4 G; o0 C
+ j; j! m: I9 n" b* Nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, ! q* x* T4 y4 P& H9 I2 G7 Q
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, ( _1 M+ [: H& A4 l. _1 M' f: M. u
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 j2 w2 T% |( \8 r
"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, ' t7 }0 ?7 P! e0 T8 F2 D3 L5 m
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, 2 @* Y! g* b$ v8 k宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, 7 y3 o$ G6 k" S5 k" y3 b( E
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ ; u: e, s+ v0 I. u/ x) h
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” ! E/ _ R$ B& X* E% d宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。
! |9 j4 ^/ F2 e* S
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣,: _+ |/ t% R; x. U1 W3 Q5 `8 y
1 C4 }$ e8 \ |, V' f
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构
n) f; j9 }1 \" V" w9 I
0 F! c& {2 [! b4 `
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, / j( L7 G p+ I+ m0 t宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, N" X. U9 J- s" E! {" C# s1 Mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素,( r, X; r4 ~8 p% N1 B) F2 o: {% Q6 ]! d
F" Q4 `1 R# {$ F
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, . C/ K+ v$ x! D1 y8 [( b+ H' ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,. m& T5 s+ D- b3 l, }) {; h: |0 _! ~7 X宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, . q8 b6 y5 X5 E$ l
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题, h" z6 v' s9 H! l1 n5 Y12.0pt">: ! c' ?' [ q; L. F* D1 h7 V, g
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: ! l. t+ X) i0 w. T
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:! N4 f: r' } F; ^/ {
"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才. i+ B( E, |& p: \7 l% N: `
12.0pt">, - J& l1 g T$ }! M. k"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, 9 {4 L( B7 Q$ n9 Xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:0 H4 x) n( L! Z; {' J& m
"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; " F& `* b( ]$ _; amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, & p: A- ?0 u1 a2 d
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, ( `5 b% i! ?3 e" u1 L6 n# Ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 }, }: N6 ]; ~ O0 |
"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题; b& m% \! I6 ~4 w
12.0pt">; 2 R& z) ~1 `% _4 x# o5 z' U: L"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, 1 R& f& W# F' U n: X: }3 Rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求, @$ f+ f! ]8 I
12.0pt">: # w% \, T8 H' ~& V5 K$ L0 [1 y6 d8 _' E* ?"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; 2 L5 i U; J1 o/ k' Gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, 1 E* t$ ^- d. L" s
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, - T: Q, Z( v. O, U# @font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: F8 w4 s! s5 Q4 p% e
"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统4 ^# [/ z8 Q3 E0 Z. f: ~12.0pt">:
# o% P: k, j; a; r: q9 X2 s& t
- r& K6 e! ]! d- c9 J7 wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ + H* d' r3 v9 J# c
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” - u) Q7 [) L% C$ p( E! z5 R, ~5 }宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕
) v/ W6 x. R- a- n5 Z5 a+ O mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">
& {$ X; Q8 M/ k l. C3 R5 ^
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">
" n M9 W' o/ s7 D$ O4 Y
. K4 `3 a3 f2 p. n( T$ l
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总,% Y0 t; ]$ A: |' b* y
: `2 b6 K5 z- b: e: S* x) |3 gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构
+ G6 e0 s5 I3 H/ e; n0 P( e
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, " O1 Q, l- y) `' y
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% C, H i' ?2 n1 Z
"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, 2 S3 r/ l' E: S6 @宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, $ x& B( A% j; p5 I9 ]% H! Yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,
3 K: _8 A, E2 O" t; e5 k+ {% g* f
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, 9 c3 n5 e, _7 h" ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:2 s2 x5 N7 u% R- Z
"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, - k2 a6 {7 O5 \0 U
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, ) x, n3 `0 k$ H' e, e }) q& g宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: 9 G+ J, {" ~. P- R- c V
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:4 ~% R5 \- P# Z9 M5 o) T% T h
"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, 6 q) [1 o/ ?$ e2 h) B& i" |' B& s
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, + D$ r" X7 ?' o- j+ d6 e$ F
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, % e P5 ?7 Z- }: b# K5 P! S
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。
' z3 N4 e/ H8 a6 b5 q) D! ]5 W. _mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,' S/ j/ H: T4 C, Vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:0 Q% c( f7 A$ k "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定' K6 B6 D9 l1 {5 ^& h 12.0pt">, 3 Z$ ?& Q7 X. \( [. j8 N% Z' s( v1 y: I "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, + t7 i2 F" @: B, M: d0 j4 {font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:% M t- X( ?+ q( g; d, b$ T mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, ; \8 j" {- F5 G* g0 `4 g宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, , X/ h0 V+ w- [- Mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:1 k* y5 H$ f! F. P$ O( X) ?' e5 G1 j "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, 9 X1 t- K3 y/ n; h8 Z9 B mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, ! c2 M, W3 ^# X' l6 s* K( \ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:" _ X' F" v; K& n% y) |# i "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: # M" Z& `: |6 |7 P) {& `宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ 1 W; }% [) A) ^0 F7 _ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, 0 O' O* x, f$ W4 Z! R+ A: |& V' hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: B) Z! [" R: ~* ]' O+ H "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊
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