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今日下午，《论语札记》作者贾陆英老师继续在老秘网QQ群“重温经典读书会”组织大家学习讨论《论语》为政篇第2章。有贾老师的热心授课，我们的重温经典读书会已名副其实了。昨天老秘网新开了“公文写作合议庭”版块，也期待大家积极参与。这里，老猫把今日的聊天记录整理如下：
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">各位好，星期一下午有事未到，让大家久等了。特致歉意。今天下午，我们学习讨论《论语》为政篇第! _2 k; s* w3 Z% ^/ |mso-font-kerning:0pt">21 F- [2 {) p5 j3 Y" u0 A( Lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;6 _2 J! ^0 c. \" E8 G5 ^" f
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">子曰：: \, H9 E! p7 r9 z0 o$ `8 A( A1 F
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! p. L2 @, l6 E3 ?* emso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰：思无邪。. q6 S. N. F( i$ Rmso-font-kerning:0pt">"
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百：《诗经》实有三百零五篇，三百只是举其整数。! g+ i- J( R+ h9 f4 g- p& i
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$ E. {: k8 g9 s- l) Imso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">：概括。思无邪：《诗经2 h* j- V( N. w" e. Y# X* e
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">駧》》上的一句话。原文的思字是语助词，孔子借用这句话把思作思想讲。无邪：纯正，没有邪念。1 p; Q4 H" H& g* K# N# J
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$ n7 D# C, ] k: F7 yTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">孔子说：8 e1 C6 \4 E8 ]7 A4 _+ K' o- r- H0pt">“" ?2 W7 g4 B# E; M
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% ~% _5 ^; W, X" ^Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">问：孔子为什么极为重视诗教？# w5 _ r7 }! E; v' x
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">答：本章是孔子对《诗经》精神的概括。孔子曾经说过，吾道一以贯之，指出他的学说有一个贯穿其中的基本精神，读书学习，重要的是要把握这个基本精神。一言以蔽之，就是一以贯之的意思，- X/ s7 j! N( S( Nmso-font-kerning:0pt">"! |! R. Q0 _' _/ A0 z5 {- bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;5 b* j1 q; |' H' d5 v. r
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">兴于诗、立于礼、成于乐6 a' r4 R( }6 O+ l- l/ }
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% g& S! w6 {) R6 a* a7 amso-font-kerning:0pt">泰伯》），兴于诗，强调诗的教育之重要，所兴的是人的情感。立于礼，礼教的目的是使人在社会上立足。成于乐，乐教的目的是使这种" z+ i# _1 Z$ M R- g D" xmso-font-kerning:0pt">“; t3 X5 E# K' R& c5 q, @5 K# g
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/ }7 b* l) x2 i- Wmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">最终得以完成。古人讲的+ p! P% n. U8 j. r- Omso-font-kerning:0pt">“2 L% ?( z- b* G* lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;. F F7 \ _# D
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，包括音乐、舞蹈、诗歌等等，诗歌是运用有节律、有韵律的语言反映生活、抒发情感的文学体裁，孔子认为，就教化的功能而言，' _) G* J4 n4 I! B- B8 e$ q6 ~mso-font-kerning:0pt">“% j( m7 J: d3 N) t
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗教/ l2 z! S! W1 E
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是一个人品德养成、人性完善的最高层次。9 V( O' c% F8 v9 s! z
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( L% C* ~' d6 J% N6 @( STahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》是中国最早的一部诗歌总集，经孔子删订，收有从西周初年到春秋中叶的诗歌2 Q \* R$ t7 W) O; ~! h( }
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">篇。孔子特别重视- s W( B0 |: V% y1 x( |mso-font-kerning:0pt">“! n1 r4 v* \1 m* y9 H4 [
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( u% p( W" {/ n$ \/ ?7 kmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">对于人格完善的重要作用，他说：8 c4 G1 n7 [9 f" O" ?5 l# O; V
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# L4 P4 C: p5 i7 `/ Jmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">不学诗，无以言。: [" Z; ]0 F" Q) A+ |mso-font-kerning:0pt">”( g! u8 c8 A- e: Tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
0 w7 Q I8 ]6 S' ^mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语7 i/ _9 F9 C1 |% p& N) ^4 ^
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">季氏》）4 r$ C/ [( J6 P d0 O3 cmso-font-kerning:0pt">“7 g% p B: g4 ]! b: _4 f# L( }
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观，可以群，可以怨。迩之事父，远之事君；多识于鸟兽草木之名。- N, j7 M$ Q/ k2 o( e- Jmso-font-kerning:0pt">”, V% r, u: o2 s3 [ l' h8 x
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">阳货》）由此可见，孔子重视《诗经》的教育，一是在于学习《诗》的语言和文化知识，二是通过7 a# F0 j) N' Dmso-font-kerning:0pt">“ W4 j2 a+ }2 N2 z; V0 N1 ~9 Zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
3 x5 P% w4 h* z; fmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">兴、观、群、怨: i- `( ~0 f2 d
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8 M# C3 S2 x& A U. ?) R4 Wmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">陶冶人的情操，并对弟子进行事父、事君等政治思想教育，使人) R2 N1 u- h/ q/ J; p) W) A+ kmso-font-kerning:0pt">“5 q* e0 K0 S# E% A
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2 Z: _" H2 Y" e5 Q1 M& o6 Kmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，遐思而纯正，宁静而致远。- E K! f6 H8 L! n+ W
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9 l5 s! j- T ~; S/ ^6 p* D* r: {4 DTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰：思无邪。/ z( f8 B& @& f( N7 y* f7 I o bmso-font-kerning:0pt">"- {. t" ?; L3 D+ |7 \% rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;. E3 x3 B8 T, T6 R6 [1 {: u
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">睡虫歪解：诗歌三百篇，用一句话来掩盖，就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女，女想男，教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊，就说，人家的思想是很纯洁的。0 g) Y8 j6 P s- E9 G! V
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$ L+ Y9 u, \" J2 x, eTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗歌三百篇，用一句话来掩盖，就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女，女想男，教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊，就说，人家的思想是很纯洁的。& i- v/ ]2 b) V3 p0 [mso-font-kerning:0pt">——8 V0 F4 ~( [: z: L% e; T
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">。诗经确有许多歌颂男女爱情的作品，那时的社会风气是开化的，孔子的思想也是开化的。这种风气被改变，是后来的事。不可用后人的标准衡量前人。“我把贾老得罪了”3 q. s, Z5 C7 H4 s, {& y
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">开个玩笑，没关系的。9 }6 b6 b9 B9 d$ o9 w
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观、可以群，可以怨。3 e5 Q; X! f; d4 v# w9 N
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' h* G. f# s2 D% [: nmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">学诗的作用就在于$ O/ c8 U9 s2 @; j/ Jmso-font-kerning:0pt">“) B% T6 b; L- b1 n4 q
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) I5 X( a5 Y3 x7 mmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">四个字。所谓8 o- ?4 s' e! n6 O6 {1 T3 Fmso-font-kerning:0pt">“ ~1 H* b5 A# n
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5 ~* a/ u: E8 I8 w$ F0 G, \2 E; C# umso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以激发人的兴致，培养想象力；所谓2 N4 _ `$ }( e, Y4 @mso-font-kerning:0pt">“$ f( k7 p! s- y( b+ Kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;+ S* Z( P& h& Q7 d1 [) d( t
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以多识鸟兽草木等大自然之物，提高观察力；所谓& b" b9 E* G" T2 n
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* Y; x( _3 ]: [% p" Qmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以涵养温柔敦厚的性情，提高在群体中生活的能力；所谓; H+ o. \/ v' l) |: A
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗还可以锻炼 H2 p1 ^8 X- r' R8 A8 [' V6 \mso-font-kerning:0pt">“( X, w, s' G* zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;, N; _& K4 v4 X1 ]4 m+ h8 E0 y( O+ f
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">乐而不淫、哀而不伤6 S. Y* O* E6 ~* T) k" Bmso-font-kerning:0pt">”, `% V8 s& {5 |, o" H5 l1 r5 e# lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
+ ^7 B2 U# _: V) Rmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语& _- d! x' u M! e7 q7 ^( {
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">八佾》）的胸襟和品格，抒发心中之怨，而又能* s# D! V. B& Q8 Z3 G2 ?) a( j/ r
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3 G# u" t( g9 F' p* E' }mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨而不怒8 z, l( q Y- t- d6 G0 a
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《朱熹1 e+ }) [6 D7 w* h4 Q7 e/ I3 {
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# J! S! _* |# Amso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">论语集注》），恰到好处，合乎中道。总之，学诗可以使人& [9 g1 d3 P% k( b9 Rmso-font-kerning:0pt">“$ a2 i: r/ m i X' l
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( ]6 ~' G( O$ Z2 v1 Zmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">为政》），遐思而纯正，宁静而致远。( y5 c4 [2 [! c9 G
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8 J5 {: q+ e c# }/ _Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">继续歪解啊：群呢，就是说物以类聚，大家有共同的审美和爱好，对诗经有雷同的见解，于是呢，就找到好朋友了。所谓怨呢，就是说看到诗经里写的这么美好的事物人物，会生出点点怨气，怨自己为什么没有诗经这么美好的生活，从而激发斗志。1 k# z7 Y5 d& R( s6 K2 ~9 u( Z
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">大家是做文秘工作的，写文章，也需要提高文学素养，如能恰到好处地引用几句诗词、名言警句，定会使文稿熠熠生辉。否则，干巴巴的，没有文彩，读之无味。) ?* _3 n j3 l
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( D6 R/ o# Q$ I M. \4 T; ~Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨，是否也指怨刺，有着对社会的不满和抨击，比如《硕鼠》《伐檀》等等5 o _4 e v; u8 t+ K4 h- [
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是啊，大家看看习总的语言风格，文学素养深厚，值得学习。
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