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7 L6 M/ s* Q0 w1 {$ L* y5 ~mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, . r3 o: a3 F6 Z0 |
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, 4 P, E5 Z O# J, \font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
4 x+ y$ s. |$ T0 N" i! x"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, - c. T1 m+ z' A8 R/ w' H) M/ U宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,* a+ ]6 Z4 i% m& O: `* B3 p9 v2 yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:. V3 h+ j( I0 i4 i; Y
"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。 * |5 G( i9 |( P" r
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, 3 v8 ]) K& ~- R1 O1 Z( n6 W0 a宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, 3 H( ?! H0 [$ X% S
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ x: P3 n; u1 \( j6 ~6 h
"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题,
1 S4 f' e( R" T: _. \9 X6 p" H N% C+ P* Q K: _
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, 5 N! {3 k0 M2 y- d: X8 O
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, / p7 ?0 E: d1 afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: Y* V4 X9 m9 k
"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, P( f) R5 g, e" }1 P2 |, q
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, 2 m3 m9 I {3 M; a, {7 ^9 e
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。 ) ?! d0 @% J- K/ {
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7 {+ {7 P! I' E* q/ e/ t( i+ j2 W: A7 S& q% o* e
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宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因,
- J- `& `' {% D( f/ d2 u& [# R# _, R. |6 O' G- \0 H4 pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
" y/ {3 W% k# N' C/ u! r"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构
; c+ j9 t. v/ \1 {3 H% F8 t; g5 t6 W8 v6 }! ^' q9 U' d/ E) L7 p
! J2 R6 ]$ P8 e) v
/ @4 e$ R1 {" T; g* V' N5 C( q. ~9 y! T# q+ T8 {. K: s- p
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, ' M5 F& ]$ Z+ F宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ 4 Y% A- r+ {' p7 [
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” + G1 S9 ?8 T4 u$ w4 A# [! ^5 L
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ $ P2 N. g. E M
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” 4 G( b( p2 Z9 Q; E! \! y2 \
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, 0 w0 a9 E% C9 ~# z2 [$ ~# [
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, P: l; N: s) k
"Times New Roman"">前者为因, $ J2 G. p& e" m0 u5 ^) W/ w Smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, 3 C: S' l1 y1 V) c+ K: Yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
9 L) o" W6 {2 J9 V"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,
4 ^8 g* |3 G- H' `. o2 P3 c8 W* `, C% g. [) J
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, & W+ p4 I3 i O4 c" ?% N宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, ; ` M2 W9 m' P, W1 ^& W
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 p5 w; N5 g/ x9 O0 A0 ?" ^
"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, : }# C* S, m+ K: A& c5 p宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: ! X. H$ s# F: j G
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
# [3 |: Q0 F! u; J"Times New Roman"">“ S( m( m2 u4 l) f4 ]5 N) ~% emso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? M7 |& n! a9 ~& O: s宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” , v: T! ^ g; f3 }宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, * a% E9 g' W: K4 n4 ^* N
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
* A+ j8 x7 c: u- N"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:7 H5 E. E7 q2 ]# W3 r( S$ A8 q
5 w! x% Z+ N0 _8 L$ \mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 # i7 D6 z7 w, l+ o: A' ]宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, 3 D9 w' r) S. m& [
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
5 t# H C9 |# V- r" k# D- d"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, 5 f) d6 a+ _6 Y* c$ tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
% b z# k( c- T" J1 m9 E"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, $ ?7 B; Q8 _' ~# u, b0 f
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 / ?# C$ l" x, _ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里6 u/ i" z4 ~% I6 {. N8 R; `mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 9 a% X3 O+ _& G* Y# o. gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(; [" c0 k9 w9 d, [+ a1 N
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), 3 a9 \7 y C4 q: Hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 D: L' O, w; |& V
"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用3 k" l6 P( D2 Z2 }; j2 E12.0pt">, % l) `8 B; r1 t4 B8 V
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, , F \9 V2 N B1 t! }/ Zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 {# k- g2 V( _1 W/ J0 ?6 \
"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, * D. R! Q$ \/ H) u
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!5 n* x. D1 V; @6 U) D2 H" \
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, 8 O) N5 r3 W) t* ^' A3 q+ Yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
7 D. b- \3 M) `"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: 0 e. _. @3 L9 N; W
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, 9 Y0 S) M+ A5 H3 W/ q( I% U4 r; i a
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, . S! p% l" U; `6 X( O% W, q4 c
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
+ ]& k9 n, m; f$ g" F"Times New Roman"">“ * F1 I) E' E) C# n5 p
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”, i5 {, s. \4 |+ O12.0pt"> ! g+ J; Q# m m0 P' S# }0 V* K0 S
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。
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( d4 i: x+ h/ n
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, o. K# L6 @# _宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, ! L, u P% \4 Z6 k, Afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
. F3 l6 E3 C9 z4 l"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, " i& I( z- C5 g) \1 [2 l [" Umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, 1 S! | U" S; c宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, - A& T4 }: k6 i1 q5 D6 I7 w) Efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 K- D9 f C7 \, d# _: `7 `
"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ + n# M! E& g5 I0 L7 Z, C
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” * G) r/ t- `8 w" ?7 _
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。
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5 \( I; _( B; C" B' q% e/ O6 E
, F& m8 L+ ?# n2 Y& G. p5 B" v1 [
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣,* @ h5 ~9 E' k- U$ V* N
9 C, J# Z4 c' U7 y9 Ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
: r$ `4 S+ ~& l"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构
- ^5 g& h# L2 \& M) _9 ~! ~; y3 }5 M5 j5 W/ ]. z2 G
& ?0 A9 y Y# p' q( z2 D: o
' i& z. ?2 m: C4 D) d3 a- M3 y6 `% J6 W9 \mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, 0 h5 i" W+ F* |+ s+ V宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, 1 g3 E( _' n9 ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:2 q A; U' K( r; Y. W& Y
"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素,
, G, L$ z! j0 _& h4 E9 t1 P, ^* V% L3 a* w. T! z$ y7 ~4 ~2 B" bmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, $ f! Y5 W! _4 {. D& t
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
. C# m6 }% e, \+ [5 F# v( Y"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,, y. S. W+ K6 W宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, $ g8 Y1 A! t: ^% @' Z( ^; Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
' s- u. z2 R* P9 F1 k* y2 c. ?& A"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题1 K, ]1 r, @- G& Z; o/ ~; b12.0pt">: 4 o: t9 t% E9 L& d, N, r# p
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: 6 h* v+ W1 f# A- jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
2 y% w4 L( o3 W9 L"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才% K0 V0 a6 x" i8 T3 d" d
12.0pt">, ; v) o+ y+ ?) j% P; y6 ]0 E+ a
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, 0 P1 h3 o6 o( z: r- {
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, @) ~! B8 }& h7 g% V9 N9 g
"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; 9 d4 O1 ~5 R4 s. D- R* C3 I1 a
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, 0 H; `% m8 S# X. t9 Y( B
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, 8 Q3 `9 x o+ i- \font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, A$ d, J4 {6 }) ?9 ?& h
"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题; H1 k; \4 v" ~; B9 R. p" E& }1 l9 @
12.0pt">; 2 ]* j0 n3 M3 m/ i4 S9 |"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, Y6 V4 r H/ |* e
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:* G$ _/ z9 r0 q7 @8 Z1 P3 _* r
"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求$ y S9 e- Y* y( X; u5 s12.0pt">: 6 T4 Y$ V- @1 I h7 b3 r2 O$ ]"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; 3 q* t- z* n1 _7 T% ~' ?9 qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:* y) S. d% b8 }* K- b, K1 k% e
"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, ( t* t! n ^4 ?% O. V% tmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 0 X. |/ U+ s, ?! v2 h
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:; `: |0 t0 n- n- u P
"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统 H' i' p6 P3 u- d; E3 x12.0pt">:
7 ?; V) g3 g6 V9 f5 z' q( M
8 F/ @$ Q5 f7 [ 2 e0 h# v- U4 [& G+ x5 N/ J
% f' A8 ^5 y+ X! _5 J9 t* N7 V/ F7 ~+ y2 f# umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ ; n3 k) i# P. e( M宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” y" c4 K' g. V, W% ?$ _
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕 # Y, ^, | L; O6 s) \3 s! _( ~
6 ^" D0 j5 d( j+ Z' F1 Z. {
4 f+ z t1 i8 y5 O8 I6 t: H
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman""> 9 H/ w/ ~: m* j! f' G宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">
. c' K1 Y- b( u0 y2 v- } M
+ S3 Y6 p+ u0 Q% X; l3 Q* U7 \ ! z& s: k- b* m$ B
4 z/ ^0 g6 j, G7 Z9 _6 x. ?- u/ E9 Z; k0 n1 Y4 H, q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总,/ j K) C! N8 X8 n
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font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
0 g: C! O& x) I4 x$ ]"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构 5 }$ c6 v* G2 c+ U; w9 ~
6 k" A0 `$ R- ^ 2 C; u; J; F9 A+ E
2 x& \; s a' U; S/ X1 D& W0 P4 Q) Y8 fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, : ]5 a) E8 u: G* K7 U Sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
9 x9 [4 L( G9 m6 c h; w$ y9 B% H"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, : S3 v1 n5 V3 y" s! ^6 V2 h宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, 3 O7 ?' N$ u8 K3 N, j$ d5 `
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
( ?- h0 B5 E: \- C3 a; }' ]6 P& T"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,
6 O. ^- L4 W; {% x9 J9 o# a0 ` F F! `6 g9 t0 z6 L$ O
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, / E: X, o! d! U. bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
; H3 ^1 c; q# c4 i* d! v"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, $ w% c5 a: m1 {* T! B) Ymso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, 6 o6 V0 p7 X) l$ b a
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: ' @; q! y0 h8 ^4 B- bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
& n" m# j( @8 W3 J j+ L) C" W"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, ( ~5 o( B V4 R' u$ X3 @
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, H) O- Q! z" z; J6 T4 B
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:8 ^ c* z6 t/ k
"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, # `! D5 ]# u0 I {2 i宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。 " ~, w5 o7 g! {6 d- v" g& `. `$ v8 Z
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1 W1 U' }( A' q8 u7 h" U8 J6 ?# @+ m7 E' U& e1 u, T; v4 I# `mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,# X! _5 D- I8 @# O& G; U f% n; ~font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
- D" h, p p* r- D2 f6 J"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定7 P" o7 U* |4 M/ W5 U12.0pt">, . g7 I( |8 k8 Z) d
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, / J' g1 A; ^9 w2 } q
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J2 L' W1 [( p* U+ g3 E"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:# _3 v9 ~" O5 Emso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, ; T! U+ p# |' G ?' C' h4 G; z- L/ i宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, * @0 g% w% e$ V
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"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, 0 Z: G$ J# G; z- q& x2 ?
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, , ?" ?, r h7 B$ y! D( G& _$ a% Sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ c/ H& y6 T! Z3 m* o4 C+ T
"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: ) P; A9 s1 ]7 G7 O, Y1 x
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9 W+ K; r4 H( J: C. d6 K"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊 |