漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

' N m3 ^0 Y5 `/ F. @( f& Mmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, 5 ~9 W3 V- D. b6 E! E; Z5 b1 w 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, 4 O7 f0 C, \& D3 l4 B- \( g/ Qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, 9 c( w& c, _& M$ N/ ~; L 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,4 t3 B b9 Q; p( a5 ~ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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7 {& c! e3 s* W1 smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, $ L' @5 O# a; V; i. P9 F宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, }. Y( {# U% [9 z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ o1 Q! v( r' V- l' m"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, / A* b7 {9 P5 f8 {' C8 E7 H9 p( v( K) c9 Y5 X' c1 Smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, 4 {; q+ R1 ^5 w% P0 x1 R$ i. K 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, ! b& t, a4 g: d& |: Z; T) ~1 U' ~6 J font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' ?" A6 l& M. O' N# L2 ~"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, 6 | q9 f$ Q9 U/ y1 m mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, 1 \: C0 Q/ w7 B3 e: L( k 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

 

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+ a- Z" p: T, L) t宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, / ~' {) S0 Z# X) N font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # a2 N/ y' m6 G8 c& e"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

 

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8 c" S" ~; p& E9 G: ? mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, % N7 j, ]8 F' m; s$ a j4 v/ W& g2 q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ 5 g1 V2 M+ w9 i4 d/ z- ^宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” $ U2 P7 A$ @% `2 L+ A* g 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ # `1 r7 U' J1 c- |; i% w8 i) B 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” 7 N: _6 D* P- X2 H3 d宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, 1 l9 M" I6 h: q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 |" l9 f8 i" v. _% I"Times New Roman"">前者为因, - k7 W: N2 q: L' y* z& f mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, " T/ ]7 Y% i' @ @font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & P d: B5 p4 s"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, # E3 w) t& [2 G8 u: z9 G' ?/ q! x2 f! B/ }5 R' `, Y* n) _8 j( R$ L mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, $ u0 H! w# M9 O* `; w% P0 B 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, * L# N! ?' C5 V' J+ T. d3 Bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: B+ O7 y( P) I0 d+ F"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, ! {% p/ g {" h+ f$ ?: [7 X 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: ; C8 k# y. S0 k( ? font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">“ 6 b: C8 f4 `6 }/ i" z mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? q1 }; u0 F" [ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” , ~1 p" T5 ~# z# E" Y/ w 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, # \5 l+ K0 J: n5 F font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 6 D* K* s2 r) c2 S5 B$ `! T"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: $ `8 Q' Q |& j% Q* H mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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3 M1 ^1 @$ W5 `2 w5 A( T8 `mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 $ i* c7 |4 J/ d8 V9 s/ X! f" I- Z 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, 2 b% h+ G" q& m0 l1 F& wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, ) j4 u( A; o4 W& d/ T7 K, J) O1 j# E6 x/ W) A0 ]6 Y8 f/ B5 ? mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, : I1 G& z0 j' X7 T. @font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 4 E5 J; X* a* p. f& m"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, ; a. ]' @6 J& N1 X4 P$ |; Y! r! w mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 / d2 P) b: \. L mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里9 u; h Q) _/ S mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 6 H1 X$ z5 G; z8 W8 y+ Q- Z% ^ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(( P& v$ f; p4 R7 k$ D$ C 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), 7 c; r' A0 l2 n7 [8 o9 zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 h) i5 n3 B; t; c/ |1 X/ X"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用- D; E0 V5 A6 C- u% k A z 12.0pt">, " A5 S2 E$ T: ? "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, ' _7 W y( y! k1 r. q# c2 ?: q2 Ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: , g& X! Q( d' m"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, - m9 i3 ]. ~8 J$ A" c3 K4 gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!, M# Q; @" J! c- t7 W& h: p宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, ' f+ h [ y2 a1 _! }& v# Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: 7 z: X3 E$ I; Qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, 9 O* R& Y) A* A; m+ k宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, 6 ?2 ] [ ~* ^5 L- w7 F. vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 n" e8 e1 p/ U7 a/ y- k"Times New Roman"">“ ; S. @! d$ `- A0 G mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”! `* I% w' c5 v9 l+ b9 l( `12.0pt"> & _; M6 Z* u0 l% b$ ~6 p4 Z8 V, \"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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, u. y# m1 f7 m mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, ' A( `6 K5 c' H& P( p4 X 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, 2 X" g+ z/ D: {4 d font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">即果溯式, $ {) a" q- ?7 g$ L) g; i( y; d" t mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, : j3 L- }4 Q6 r, s$ k宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, 2 v- X7 S! G0 zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: , Y" P9 K9 U/ v5 B! l3 f {"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ . u. C' @9 F. U, Jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” 6 U. |! q7 K* \" d1 s 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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4 C1 q% i% n+ }( ~% L$ i 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, 1 ^1 o' d4 T/ O8 }- V' u8 \6 n' P# }4 e" D7 P font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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0 t0 ?" h" ?0 a9 D2 T* umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, 6 w% A. F6 S! M& V宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, i0 L. ^1 G# ^ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, : _, @, ~1 X% ?# T- S4 |+ qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, # Z" _# t" A, ~" C6 Lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,, }1 i0 U- W' }) {宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, ' O* _( D; u2 D$ B font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题" w/ g3 @! r& w7 | 12.0pt">: + A" }9 ^. w4 y6 m. f; B"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: ( u5 R0 X9 d- u xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 [ z" H, P& G' Q2 q6 F& ~' I"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才: q9 `- {4 L5 S- p12.0pt">, + D$ x: z& K8 X# F2 ~, {* l1 L"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, P0 O+ Q- ^9 D4 y/ h( Ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 H |8 X& o k* Q6 L"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; 9 P( U P! ~: I/ D/ b% I5 y* w mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, / s6 o' U# b+ T7 {/ H. s% P& x宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, $ M6 q8 W' L$ U6 o. y i! d2 N0 _font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ U0 D+ E) w1 ?% r; m6 E8 T) Y"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题* l' V+ f. p- m6 ~6 c 12.0pt">; & S+ X/ k" d1 d, D! h4 N2 X0 e "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, . T! I& E' }7 @5 c' R7 vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求7 L; A3 ?- x0 C- M- U `, d12.0pt">: % B, _$ M5 ^2 F% x "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; 6 y& e0 o' I% G Y: \/ Y& zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 m; L/ j; l( [3 X' i* i"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, ( X: ?& m$ ?$ L1 z3 Q$ n mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 8 U f% g" z- _0 S, f font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统2 y1 v( M, U, x3 a& N3 a0 m" U 12.0pt">:

 

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- w, S: a2 I+ R0 e; mmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ ' @1 F8 X% g6 }6 j) M宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” " j: }; O q# B! W" q2 g 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

 

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$ Q4 R$ C) V, t! q6 E 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, ' e+ m) M% X; |9 b% c: k* L7 V' Y' m: Zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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+ L1 [( P$ f4 R! K5 z mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, / \* e; B3 {6 {1 Ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, - W5 u, }3 q7 v Y) k i 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, * s4 ? u; Y0 @/ D% r9 c2 Q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, 4 p/ ?# R7 K0 D. }, O6 X- R3 q5 tmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, % \7 o3 d. ~, f' C% y7 q$ Q3 S7 K7 Tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, ! y0 A+ D; z, S* n) w. emso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, # ^" p/ [# T2 J3 i1 r7 N1 k 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: ; E9 H# V: c- c) L' |3 d font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " k+ m, K! O' V" l |* j$ @"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, & j) w) v, ?1 u! q( O: e+ K5 u; D7 e4 [mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, 1 r6 y) ^: Q7 J0 _0 Q( ~2 B' Wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' f( G9 o8 }, h6 w# g"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, ( r; o, f, ^, [( L0 P, g0 i- ?宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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4 {) Z: x) g" u8 L8 y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,* J; F) S$ C6 E1 q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * g+ O! ? `- V7 h+ B6 h"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定& ^7 L/ X ^1 Z0 p) g+ w3 X& X) j2 ^' k12.0pt">, 6 l' z1 z* U0 u2 G1 t "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, " i9 h Z& s+ B6 A0 x7 |font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 ~: V5 |8 j' T( U2 C3 a"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:5 T" V3 F8 h8 {" E: V, |# K% Jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, % V/ X/ j8 w) s' n7 h( S4 W7 ] 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, 6 d; }/ E7 n0 Q4 i9 N2 h$ x0 x font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, ' S% z$ [& C8 s* `; {" [0 vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, . _5 [; ? T" ^$ r/ e# C font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # v: _( Z L$ E"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: : m. p! m/ n, b! D8 F' V 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ 3 p# [- \- @* i( a% m9 ~宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, : L! z' {& L" B, B S# r( }font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊