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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, 6 D6 P a7 J! _宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, & d4 T+ ? S* W) u
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"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, 1 Q* R5 ]' S- t: R
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性, d; J5 r, `) F) M+ m( l4 H4 V5 n' X
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:# F2 e& X) j t% [" C9 J* |2 @
"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。
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宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, " J! Y e" ?& v4 _+ \0 ^8 }font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
# _% i0 W- O4 B7 p"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题,/ P' Y# m: C/ T) q8 `, g& V: }
7 j7 Q9 O C5 q- ~ fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, , r7 ?% Y( d' X% b3 C! v( f$ U
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, , _3 j+ t5 e+ n% D7 D
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
7 Z. C3 [8 \# L" O3 G- ]& c6 ~"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, . k" \" }: G# x3 I( k+ G
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, " |8 C0 i, J( _. X' i/ b3 ?3 k- _
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。
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5 J4 H( E' k8 X9 ?: V6 f4 X* I% W9 p# l1 W! b& ]; S宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因,
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font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 \% l5 S5 z$ Q \7 p7 c4 @2 s
"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构
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) A' X# k5 A+ f5 }8 J' h$ V$ C! H. o% I" G- tmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, % Y0 j! e/ V/ z8 I3 M宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ % y k: ? J6 b7 M宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” 4 a( y, f4 _0 z/ Z
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ 8 C% C9 C% {! c W8 |1 N" J宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” ) `/ B, |# V* g8 n: }; w( A! l1 A1 T- A6 N宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, 7 v A8 s; R) N6 g
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
- {, d& n! _1 r"Times New Roman"">前者为因, ) v0 w8 |. G# Q5 x( jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, % w1 ^) w5 p: B5 [4 R: h/ _( P
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"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,/ W' M( E/ x8 K& R3 O+ @& H& y/ }
4 j$ ^( e% Z3 s7 j$ v6 `9 jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, . g% E6 o" J5 K$ S# }. I' W# Y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, 1 S2 d+ A7 a2 g* F" y2 r# r7 b3 kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:0 C5 p8 N. y' \1 E# ?. p
"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, - _4 C! t& T' {5 W) E- C( P宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: * ] G7 q) s! o3 [( g
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"Times New Roman"">“ ( f# n D# O7 p* q* i
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? 0 e- o6 {/ C1 p; D
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” + z" v& u# m* L7 I6 o& J# U' O宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, / H& A6 A, q2 ]/ N% f6 Q8 Nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& u- P$ L; j- |
"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 ! {, i' ^4 G S宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, ( X. |+ q0 R. _! }; Rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
) g, j+ \- ~, s* z! m"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, 3 i8 l& O# v5 j8 n
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"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, + o! I# a& ?- g6 Q6 Imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 2 K1 l6 F0 {" i
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里* `$ z' V4 M/ B; Omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 8 [- T1 Z, e) V. G, P$ Kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(7 k# e6 D8 ]: g" z" x7 A6 s9 g宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), 8 H, T5 Q! I& I8 @font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& w! }+ A% m" f, A& O
"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用0 w* V$ r# G1 X( M' X+ n12.0pt">, 0 g8 z9 ?$ z9 B" L3 w6 e"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, ( P- J( B: y/ x( \font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:2 o9 W% R) C$ Y+ C) v/ T* S
"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, ) Z3 X2 [4 T4 b- I2 ?mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!! ~3 \) e/ ~) Y: m+ X: i& I宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, 0 f, I6 L0 d8 H' \3 R9 y
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4 ~. w. K3 s2 i( J8 y" V"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: 4 H6 F, M9 m) j. _5 Hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, \( D6 f6 V4 @$ g# D$ A- P宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, 6 m8 S8 ^" `* v, Q* f+ z8 L$ A
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"Times New Roman"">“ & o. m- j2 T% d2 e; U
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”* W; o$ ~! _% y0 g12.0pt"> 1 P# j6 W2 H+ p) T"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。 - } L/ H" O5 A* u
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, 5 H3 ^- q- g; I% G7 h2 Z: j5 S# P
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, 9 C7 B( _) @% E- A# s( P
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
/ z- o2 G0 T" a, U9 G/ B1 H+ u1 Y"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 9 }' d( n. R$ J3 S0 Kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, 5 }! g+ S/ V/ `8 ^+ S4 C: X8 v5 w宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, % B, D/ I1 F) W7 ]( v& ^- |font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:8 u9 I5 a6 \! C
"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ + J7 k8 I! N- q$ d/ t" rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” ) a! ]4 x& V1 t
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。 7 d) g2 ?# i. c, n
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% `/ e ? v7 K, z' j$ b4 A. X宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣,
& j: g, b7 ]1 F! o/ L$ W# x& f* r* ]' m$ hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
5 K6 c8 ]( w* q" f4 T"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构 * Y" d T0 `- H& B% x9 A+ n; E
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) v# j5 a- O( s' \) M6 ?, p+ w4 Amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, - j+ J- H. ^/ W
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, 6 o# x* X4 [9 V8 K' U
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"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素,
3 W$ B+ Y; l. K2 H% J: Q |% y( {4 V5 @7 a! N* }mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, $ |$ g9 {4 X4 y* s9 kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
) M1 T. C$ ?6 h( {1 W, U& x9 _"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,% ^$ i' H$ V' @, j) n- Q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, # a; _( m7 Z4 n% k! r R8 f$ v
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"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题5 Z- E @. ^/ @/ P$ t12.0pt">: $ u/ ~, a0 i( B5 h8 d
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: ( |' u, `' ~* Mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
4 d8 l# d$ B, _9 {+ ]! T"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才) l, E/ V; d0 L
12.0pt">, 1 U0 r6 C4 X9 d$ D" G+ M! r"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, , u( ]! b H! z4 ?# Zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& f9 s" t7 V( w$ h6 v9 t+ Q4 K
"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; & u' j4 e8 r' _
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, 1 m& @4 B; y! p6 C- w3 w
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, . S' H& H2 Z) N2 C, X% I/ K" ]& \
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ x) a9 U* a P2 x2 K& u7 t1 t4 ^
"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题" o" j2 z8 F8 |" o- C7 p6 p
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"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, 0 w3 ^7 z& s* ^7 f& Bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
. s6 P4 [1 `* ~"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求4 \& P* g* X6 `: s/ ^( P
12.0pt">: 2 y |$ U7 ~8 k- o) u1 ~ F/ m% _+ e"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; " I. i! v/ e* Z- L$ l
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
# x& B- T$ N# _"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, # U+ t; T" r" M! H. H$ D: w" B
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 1 `* d6 d5 q# M% u: Kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 K% |8 v# p, o$ \) e- @* L2 ^ B) u
"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统0 m) X4 Y3 j4 {& @
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ 5 v* i' W8 x, o/ w/ U" p) G宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” % f }6 Q1 n3 ^% ]) F2 i8 Y: Y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕 * n0 g% L1 R: ?( F
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宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">
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1 w# D% @2 [! c8 m6 z0 Y' r! S+ G. O/ F% J5 q5 `2 v- Q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总,
# |" \: q3 C7 S, _2 H I, ~, [7 Mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
, G/ d) B; t. _6 }+ @" |' p$ P0 H"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构 3 i( P/ Z5 v" d/ K: k1 Y" K
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4 B6 M" c0 P7 n cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, - y9 G& Y( B1 V6 c$ mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& k( }) L3 O7 ?+ Y0 ^0 R
"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, : D# m# J3 p5 }8 f
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, . f/ z! `: n8 V- h I( ?font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:( z% J6 Y, N- s$ N3 U1 x9 Q0 a0 _
"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, ! W. g5 F2 J% c$ ?# p
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"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, 3 h! Z$ v$ ? h, _mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, - }8 q: Q9 @; \1 X. P1 U宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: + S5 I" ]' |. a Z2 Hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, m) l3 m: W; n9 U( D
"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, ! p s) b9 V) m2 K% G
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, 2 g0 D. u1 t) u/ L- M4 d; h+ }
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"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, 1 h3 U6 u0 c j( L7 v! R3 Q6 Z: S
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。 % J( m! N: ^4 p0 P
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,. l/ i w8 d8 @
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* F y9 W- F; p% B T"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定/ M; s& Q3 l" ?) l# g9 @
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"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, ' ]/ h, i6 {) e. f( M% O* V
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"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:/ t8 E \' N' r) l0 |! q; G
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, 2 K& |% d$ n+ I6 P* J6 @7 h宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, 6 |9 k7 Z& C* U! t; V# b# b
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"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, , F) B- D0 W1 V& s% o/ i. Bmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, - G( ?* I d4 Y: G
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"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: , u5 @& L- Y) s- V; n5 v' F宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ 7 x: a; h R- i' a
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, ' ~ R; @) @4 K$ J+ @; D3 d
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6 [% T0 w% s# @"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊 |