漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

& p2 J9 u* L* Q9 D2 F zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, # ]* W* d' O& N# J宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, 3 }* s% b. R! X: [8 J5 S! P font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * f" ^$ F- M. N0 v"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, ! k' c# b1 [% {/ e+ r0 f2 D/ ~; I宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,3 [; D+ l- L" \( I! M1 I( q2 _font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 t1 M' P. B3 C8 _8 \* A# G"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

0 Q' f% {& O F7 s( `

 

+ n0 p9 \9 f+ `. U/ E! [, b( u 1 M( C4 A% v0 L* l

5 c6 n/ A4 @ ?/ D8 C( t mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, # |* ^1 k# }; T# E4 j7 o9 a3 F% T* V1 }9 w宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, 6 b8 J5 p/ k# z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * I7 ~% w1 J3 F( L- s; C& W"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, 4 ~- g L6 G2 G& h; F% ^4 |( M; p- l+ Y- }2 v& S0 }* umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, - n- ^3 L7 S; t宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, ( ]: \ f, n9 d2 ?2 dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, * x5 {) k! ~$ ^8 l1 V mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, 7 @6 k ~4 Z/ B. q) K5 z- _' g0 J宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

8 j; |& V' U# g& y. H" R# E

 

9 E) D0 _5 y7 r9 Z; e1 o $ g6 x; e7 w; ?1 A+ V- ?8 F# ^. F0 `

0 V) w9 c* z# [- ~0 s8 n 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, + M( T$ r* W3 k+ _; F! x; @& B$ nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 e( A: ^/ F: w4 D5 b( v6 K* Q"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

' E7 ]# E- L& C: Y3 `# j* N " L; H' Y5 Y2 s, ?+ D7 m6 B

 

! S5 V$ P7 i' y2 R5 F# M

$ e4 S3 J* Y. s' p$ X1 ? mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, ( B! N8 @/ I9 S% u 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ 2 [2 B) b# Y6 R; s/ X' @# z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” 9 C$ \7 C' [2 F" Y U; L宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ ) t1 l J* P+ z( r 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” " m$ a, I9 \5 ^. N# f7 m) l( U宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, , A/ ]2 o: ^* U font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; Y( y5 |. O# F7 r R6 o" b" \ P! e"Times New Roman"">前者为因, 0 |! m* d4 @2 s$ E6 ?; T1 t3 ^mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, 4 Q+ K- x6 S4 V Z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, # |" a3 X) `4 k) S! J; L2 S6 X: F3 @2 e( u' U7 Omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, & a. w# @5 n$ U. f1 B. Z- k 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, 4 ?: T7 }+ h3 H9 I/ }! s8 m, ` font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, & O5 l8 P. I9 g$ _* }宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: 1 j3 F' t2 O, E) T* w font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 p2 E' R" d4 d! y" s. e0 m"Times New Roman"">“ ( c% _8 e1 V4 T0 X6 {mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? 5 P6 k' Q3 d5 \6 z8 ?& G; K9 x 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” 3 M) K. I+ U! x- m7 Q( x& _ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, & @+ h; X9 ^' mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: ( W5 M: K. E% J7 M" G+ U6 i9 ^; R$ _+ W0 |, H& c' W' r mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

 

. d, k+ ]- }0 Z7 J/ k% ]( N; L6 Z

) I, R: W1 v# F/ @mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 2 B6 R, w2 C: j 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, + C3 \! R' ]0 ?. k: z1 o# t' B font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, 9 A1 Z7 f) ]* C+ u' ?* X/ hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, 4 n& |- U6 v+ q# B( m( U* t font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) B& C5 ^$ f' N. q. b1 ~"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, 7 j3 U b* o# y1 x7 J- smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 ) t" y0 \6 p8 D: h mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里2 ~, V. y" `3 o! l- ]' N: r& hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 " K$ y V+ |' _/ ~& ` mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(8 e1 s& z$ A- c' b6 k V1 o 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), ) U1 }0 v+ d9 x3 T; ^6 t6 O font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! R. @% j( k# o' n6 s7 I' o& f"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用" Y e2 e- n8 x+ W3 x12.0pt">, " s# E! s0 k& C' {6 c# K "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, ( X1 t. X4 S. E9 O font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 4 e7 b! i( S3 k"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, 9 y6 U, o; U1 |" z& \$ {, G1 I4 c0 a0 n mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!9 p4 A+ O1 z" w* o8 e9 C 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, * g T8 d/ ^4 f% F \, C font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " j( p. S# [. L3 I) T7 ?' d' A"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: % y' l% ]* S8 fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, 5 U' b' k3 t( m/ L宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, 7 c5 c4 O/ o* ~& z9 S7 Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">“ ; G) ]) E" A2 G4 F7 Jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”9 A9 M! G* k- x, I. G 12.0pt"> & b! V p( D1 }8 A' K/ j "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

! C2 l$ o; k* M

 

( o2 H: D$ L$ @5 ]/ F6 S% |

8 p- q( w' a8 |8 R mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, / @# R* t9 c; ^$ Y1 [2 N. B! C宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, ) ?7 }. o& X. _' Ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( C0 T$ [4 w# j' Y& b. s"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 4 k: s$ L8 M. @8 P1 k' F3 o$ Z) o mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, - a6 ~1 m9 j2 V; I 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, j5 w7 X3 @/ c: b V9 {font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % y6 ^# X0 u" J, N, I/ `/ w"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ $ e/ C( a8 l" K' c) _mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” * b7 E# q% J6 r$ Q T4 u/ v, }$ l宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

 

) ?# l8 w5 M3 x6 P: Q: }

6 y; |% }+ R% a9 y R: h p \ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, , Q2 v) e8 @4 d P v3 p! { font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

 

: x! O( Y1 b" m. k1 E

" C, d4 C3 z8 `0 }( m* {2 _) J mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, 3 U* Z+ [5 J; L7 L' }- r7 E 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, " n' m( @1 i% L4 {/ K4 T. {font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 C' t- `/ H" H# k5 n# z"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, 1 s9 u/ R W: y0 c v# p. C* R8 f, @6 ]; Y* w, A mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, 9 t% j: I3 N- J) L+ Z, C font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,( u2 X$ v* u6 P 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, % B0 B' F! l1 J/ ^, |8 e- t8 S font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题) ]; q5 o; A f& ?+ S; I 12.0pt">: 7 u( Z0 l5 }* s+ I"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: ; _7 z# d4 O6 J. d# I2 P font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才, w0 f$ c/ O( Y% W 12.0pt">, 7 E) z3 I4 W' N4 A" r6 |, g"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, & @+ a }( {; }; q* h# Kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 U! n# m% G! f0 M) O2 Z. B"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; 6 K8 [% k5 J; I! {mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, ' f" D5 ?9 y4 O% p: S% y 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, 0 n) K- m6 H* W- }1 qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 4 ^ ]& ~; _4 _0 Q& a"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题9 y1 J1 K$ u, o5 G# O/ l# c 12.0pt">; # e) R J5 t4 r, @; ]' A "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, ) c$ G0 P9 a. W5 p& Ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - \5 }1 \" S0 M$ H: g"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求: A* d. ]6 _, ]12.0pt">: : ^3 G0 G$ e; \$ r" E"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; / w5 U* E( \+ a6 Q! k8 xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % |7 g2 k# X; e/ n! o9 b& s# u. @"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, ( x U' J% K5 N( G. R9 fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, $ T" P7 ^3 W# Q! C7 N. r font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统) [! j7 g; Z- @" I, q 12.0pt">:

 

& t+ u! r5 H$ R: F2 O: x

0 Q* ]; u. N$ k* F) q6 `/ @mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ / {" H' D+ i4 K' n: R宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” 5 y) s2 _, r) j4 A) u' S宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

* \0 X8 o/ q( h B

 

& A) \( W0 Z. v! j4 }6 p

1 r3 x3 _" m4 {8 A! N5 y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">

游客，如果您要查看本帖隐藏内容请回复

0 `5 g9 D+ ^2 F. D 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">

 

; i& c, ~; r; ~4 Y( M , W: D E# C1 _# I; _8 x7 T( S

$ m3 a( G1 A& g5 ? 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, 0 z: x4 a( M% r# h$ y+ ?; i" i" a% Y7 ` f7 |font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

7 T+ j. z0 s# F! [

 

2 G2 D& r6 u4 b

4 {- N7 @. H: J( F* zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, 1 @: z4 t' Y3 yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + D# {: I3 a& t" y9 ]. _"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, 5 d# e/ g! f* |宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, 0 I( t2 L( I9 I1 @0 n& B m" | font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # _: \: K+ i9 m$ l5 F"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, 8 X/ R5 j. l/ m7 _ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, 6 J% \ C I3 i font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 ^7 g$ u' s2 f7 m"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, , L \' p6 d. w+ y% P( a mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, ) x, c" n2 J' L: I* ^+ U) u宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: * q9 O& P, g w) K font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, " } f1 [% H7 q5 P3 N* O* smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, 2 p5 a6 O a5 E/ }; A7 J5 M Vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, ' G$ E) a$ W% [! d7 p宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

( Y5 E5 s. E. G+ p' N& y ; @/ ?, j- ]# g V5 P2 O

 

; a! O+ j8 X1 r# m# ?1 I& { }0 u7 C% j' r$ u" j* x

6 d R: s! N' {5 j* }/ mmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上," b, X) d2 e+ ?: {/ Z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定# e+ K5 l8 w; \0 F2 D9 E7 S g 12.0pt">, - }% n4 w9 P2 h5 t+ Y"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, & t! k) n0 w; n, Q% s7 Z+ e0 B font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 4 D9 g K& y( h' w. y6 }0 c+ V0 B"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:" M# S/ ^+ w5 Y- Q5 } C& W# z/ D0 ^mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, 6 D4 W+ `2 N d宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, 4 H5 k- p2 q! n font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, + `$ Q" I, A1 D" b( }5 d mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, : s+ I5 n9 P& N font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: - A" L" k7 |; s0 h7 K0 \ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ - P% |& a% L6 ?6 ]& [0 |1 Q5 v0 H 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, % O' H: y: ^8 s2 _4 [: w font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊