漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

$ _3 v' q' s" g- L+ N mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, ) S; @, ]! j8 p# A8 O' p 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, 3 c: [7 E$ u8 B1 h- [ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' @9 B q1 T! p% e" z8 `+ _4 d5 A"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, 0 T, e5 h7 X- B; ^ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,2 l; T' i+ S6 Cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 C, R, J$ h( {2 d3 { L"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

 

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?4 G5 y$ I. [7 o+ W5 X& zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, 7 X+ O. y4 p0 p# f# H 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, 7 C: z" h0 S% \1 k. M font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & _ j' {' y, _! r- w3 t"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, 1 L0 T o5 F' Q- c: {mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, % T0 ^5 M$ T* I+ T1 b- u) [7 b宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, " A: `8 \$ I8 v/ g. i& A font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % p" z% C. p9 r' K7 _; g8 a"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, _7 V! S% M/ A6 @: ?3 O) Z8 _mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, & ^* l( u* y3 i6 {宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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/ P& O# s6 W2 L2 E宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, , y V E. N0 M8 q! `0 Tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

 

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3 H" f6 H. E1 I9 e( n. k( u, } mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, c/ B0 p# P8 E$ S4 I 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ + F9 r# R6 N7 t9 }8 t/ z/ N! S2 u宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” ) f4 r! ^/ N% l( @5 J宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ ! C7 f& S# L$ B5 n 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” # ?: n$ u$ c2 R8 d6 @; |* |宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, 1 K7 M# \! Z# l7 S; i: k' m font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: , } L. n7 F2 K& O$ t- G3 O"Times New Roman"">前者为因, 4 H& }5 u, _% h; f mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, 0 ~; p7 e# ], a0 i" y9 U! N font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, 0 x- h- u; [1 H. I/ v2 U$ W( Y& E, M6 k$ t4 p% hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, _& E, D! ^: _5 N宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, 4 M2 P5 ~# b* y font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' F1 T8 C A+ I7 }2 a* q5 F- E# V"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, ) p; f' S$ D4 W8 ?: [$ F宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: # Y6 C' `8 n+ A6 o6 J7 b9 h. X font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">“ : D- d/ r- \8 g4 V9 D( ` mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? ) f4 U. z7 R: r3 O7 w' _$ |6 u/ k宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” $ e& S+ i- w0 w# E' m. N; W! \. e# J" I 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, " p/ }! P- E0 y" O2 Z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: 8 M7 Q$ P+ W7 x% {$ m4 X7 H8 e$ u& A% T# ? mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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7 o+ G$ D6 x8 r) x: T' A mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 " @$ a( c- p, K宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, 6 ~1 h# ~6 {5 e/ Q4 ~font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' O6 ~4 F% C. k; R1 r4 F"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, n- c& \: A+ J1 g! b/ \9 {+ L. D" J" F# P1 O' N3 @ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, ) W8 v1 y0 v1 ^) Wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, - z4 u$ E6 D( A; F, s mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 $ \# I; Q' c4 j1 z- a" Y- p! ^9 J! W- g mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里- q5 L3 F2 u+ D( g% x# H3 g6 J mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 * [& L# Z; S3 {; l* ~+ C; Wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(0 h5 h4 g) t. F: v& O宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), / o- Y" S1 V9 U7 i; z" @$ X9 T& t- Dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & `" `/ g8 D* v( x2 D# w5 b2 o"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用 i, `5 c( q) {2 O 12.0pt">, $ r* F% W1 d$ i% T f! R"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, 0 d; ^& i) Q+ d* }: {' | font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # \: r; c6 M% J6 Z+ L"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, & G% @8 ]8 i; t/ bmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!6 J% ?9 }. K- O4 N% ?4 L/ S宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, ! f+ }7 ^/ X2 j* d. yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: ; w8 U7 T& \! u* i/ W8 {6 K mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, 1 Z) {/ h- W. S* J. F) V8 y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, - T0 E) r# h. u* g2 Efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - B$ m3 ]" Q& }8 I( L"Times New Roman"">“ 2 Q8 A" }% F1 D* c5 G) l, I mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”$ N: X# O) h# S6 j! i12.0pt"> 1 R: }9 |; }' L( Z7 }"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

 

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" I- Y4 W1 v' w8 H1 ~% n! _1 t) F X4 Emso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, O7 u( n% M+ Z+ G+ @8 o0 q8 c7 I 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, 6 W! K2 p5 A7 @font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">即果溯式, ' L2 g; m5 U: E+ O mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, 0 Z. X; N0 V) e5 P/ ]- ] 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, 0 ~0 S4 [# j% `, U" j font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 v; G& t- v7 e! k+ [; S"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ - M2 f6 m6 Q5 @3 K5 C9 I- I mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” ' u% D' @4 J& `9 U$ Q0 [ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

 

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: ?( I. C! V& V宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, % G4 ?" R* S# u# r" c7 U/ ~& I$ q9 `! b7 g+ Q- S3 M' \3 I/ c font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & k* x ~) c/ n8 z( h" f# N+ x"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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0 t7 d8 z0 `; n5 `1 U4 X mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, . U0 o2 ]2 _: O6 E- }3 v 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, 0 L. n2 s5 |, m: V. g5 r3 sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: S. r" O: g& I"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, # Z* M0 d: X9 q. v9 x! `# ~; k) @- ^ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, & K; u$ @4 G& R {5 f% a7 pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章," [& C: C5 k" N& n ]$ ~4 o# b1 x3 m% S 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, 5 Y `4 J/ b/ k* I4 y font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题# T- M$ X2 f; v12.0pt">: ( H# h f0 K6 ]$ |( l* f"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: ( P2 N2 i9 D9 q) W font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 G5 q* b6 h6 J' T; O; k7 O' ~$ a( @5 E"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才2 s- \6 E& p7 J- t. q12.0pt">, ; ^, W+ b/ A% I% G1 d"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, - N" } V+ O+ d2 `# a7 S: Q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; 1 C u- S/ Z( Y3 k8 gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, 5 e. S/ \ p1 I 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, 3 P- j& T( Y" K1 W/ _* k font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ e2 M" G3 B2 d2 c& m, h( f1 I( [. d"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题# H+ j! v$ t* n) s6 Q, R 12.0pt">; ! K' l& u9 v5 L1 I8 b( e# o$ \ "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, % t& b! g4 o; K/ E' H2 a' O font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . d. |! K' Z& X% X"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求! L8 A( [# X5 ~* L$ g J 12.0pt">: ! H8 l, N3 E& p) ` "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; 7 T/ D% l) A, j; h5 x$ R- O: j H font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, 4 L, y, {9 ~* U8 Smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 4 f5 b" C5 Y. o8 \; C S" h) Qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 M6 v2 Y3 N+ S/ ~"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统% t$ U' U* p/ Z6 \! u 12.0pt">:

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, y! e) ]3 b0 Q& t* Q& F宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">

 

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- M1 L; p5 K$ j d0 Q1 x1 |宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, + x6 n# j( J0 y4 M: `font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 F' t4 T3 X: v' p$ m0 r, n+ C"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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4 j4 I* s2 H! \; t. o mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, , y0 K2 {" k/ i4 P) i" [( Y) ^( O font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, & B( g9 e- U1 t0 \, h2 d0 F6 U宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, / K1 s; a) q' r4 Z) v: @9 Afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # r, b( R# E1 A( d' C"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, : B$ R. k4 h( v" N: d mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, 3 }, X0 Q# Z! S1 U$ L$ d3 Kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, / I: r4 g. u, [; I1 U% L mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, 2 d$ J$ Q: M! f宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: , w! ?# X, D! r7 a, r# Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, 4 [1 o% w7 ]$ v, f' y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, * A0 R- C+ ? a font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % S# a! g/ D$ F2 ` L B: S"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, - ~1 ]8 i. `. U 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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& a1 b+ c+ B1 w8 T+ b mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,8 h' |* R+ r3 f+ G2 j9 efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) p" N9 H/ y0 f; b"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定( M. q+ a$ a( j12.0pt">, - s5 U. E7 Y3 y+ q6 S "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, : |& @, u) V' k. Jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & _, E3 D( C( ?/ E) E( N# n9 |+ m"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:4 N2 K% b5 u& a5 u- W% v5 ~. ^mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, ) ~2 p1 Q+ I" H; G宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, 8 I M4 ?* h5 V! u" d! Wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' Z1 x4 T" w% K2 {"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, 9 \* j' H) C6 O9 [, zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, 5 D6 W) _. H0 A& @2 ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: , j; M: L! O$ k* ^/ D" m! n: ~# V 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ 1 o/ H* Q: f* _: h9 L! \ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, ( C5 s1 P7 |6 ]; k/ Dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊