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今日下午，《论语札记》作者贾陆英老师继续在老秘网QQ群“重温经典读书会”组织大家学习讨论《论语》为政篇第2章。有贾老师的热心授课，我们的重温经典读书会已名副其实了。昨天老秘网新开了“公文写作合议庭”版块，也期待大家积极参与。这里，老猫把今日的聊天记录整理如下：
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">各位好，星期一下午有事未到，让大家久等了。特致歉意。今天下午，我们学习讨论《论语》为政篇第2 K; H+ p) V) {
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' c3 X5 t* I; j) w6 {6 Cmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰：思无邪。0 |( \( z B! o& P$ c
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/ h6 ~3 U; m4 gTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百：《诗经》实有三百零五篇，三百只是举其整数。# ^& Z) k) @) a( u9 h# C
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">：概括。思无邪：《诗经& X/ |! W' @, w/ ~mso-font-kerning:0pt">•; X8 G& R+ ], j1 u# c; J( i
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">駧》》上的一句话。原文的思字是语助词，孔子借用这句话把思作思想讲。无邪：纯正，没有邪念。8 F* E0 F' Y* @& Z0 m7 f ]
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》三百篇，用一句话来概括它，就是/ W, f# N; P( i4 t- v0pt">‘& t: r* S& e) a1 j' d
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">问：孔子为什么极为重视诗教？# N# |. U+ t" w7 E! A( U( {% x0pt">
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$ m1 _1 A$ p( \ f" p nTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">答：本章是孔子对《诗经》精神的概括。孔子曾经说过，吾道一以贯之，指出他的学说有一个贯穿其中的基本精神，读书学习，重要的是要把握这个基本精神。一言以蔽之，就是一以贯之的意思，; D& B0 T/ s: E3 P* ~
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">就是贯穿于诗经三百篇中的核心精神。" p7 x/ G; [1 O8 F0 ?mso-font-kerning:0pt"> 5 z) D8 x* s* ]7 j9 ]& ~
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">兴于诗、立于礼、成于乐, j/ v8 i4 P& L6 y10.5pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">”& c$ P$ A6 [2 \& t2 i
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">泰伯》），兴于诗，强调诗的教育之重要，所兴的是人的情感。立于礼，礼教的目的是使人在社会上立足。成于乐，乐教的目的是使这种 r, z/ o; W( a% K3 \( umso-font-kerning:0pt">“/ W; B# l; B- p7 Z8 e& i. f( L \- Q
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$ u' U' t: E4 e" nmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">最终得以完成。古人讲的. C: @; `. T/ `1 p# x" v1 _
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，包括音乐、舞蹈、诗歌等等，诗歌是运用有节律、有韵律的语言反映生活、抒发情感的文学体裁，孔子认为，就教化的功能而言，) T+ k5 N0 ~ U; v o8 h- F5 pmso-font-kerning:0pt">“5 H3 [! V5 E/ J; o+ V8 `0 `
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3 U2 H' m4 ?* t1 \; }mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗教' _ y5 i* t" m6 h
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3 I5 x" N w0 Z }mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是一个人品德养成、人性完善的最高层次。5 {1 d+ c4 I# S6 S
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% r. \ v# W" n3 tTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》是中国最早的一部诗歌总集，经孔子删订，收有从西周初年到春秋中叶的诗歌4 G2 C4 V- `1 O; l# H+ U) ?
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">篇。孔子特别重视% ?! P" j5 \ a5 w5 k
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">对于人格完善的重要作用，他说：% v& H5 e" k$ ^7 c7 Z
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">不学诗，无以言。" o% x0 }2 D$ Y! g; O: R& G
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语/ P6 Q! S- y+ B) v- C8 T9 t( \" N
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' B, e, K* j% v3 E- M0 jmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">季氏》）/ \; U3 a- T. k+ G% d) R3 {5 i X
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- P$ o3 T# Y+ n% v" c8 E% zmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观，可以群，可以怨。迩之事父，远之事君；多识于鸟兽草木之名。5 S8 }7 ~, N) D) h
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">阳货》）由此可见，孔子重视《诗经》的教育，一是在于学习《诗》的语言和文化知识，二是通过" @4 i$ K! x9 f6 \9 V/ {8 S, L& [# \
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">兴、观、群、怨$ r& k3 O/ c" P) P5 m5 d
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6 m. n9 K i' mmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">陶冶人的情操，并对弟子进行事父、事君等政治思想教育，使人7 {1 [/ o6 Q, U3 Jmso-font-kerning:0pt">“/ _/ F1 R7 F5 a$ ^6 d" gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;7 S6 v X2 w& u7 p. @
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+ y. O' J* e, ?; Omso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，遐思而纯正，宁静而致远。. a+ o% x2 k4 j& J/ D
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2 m* u3 p. J5 j, C9 J% m: D4 iTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰：思无邪。; D2 _8 A/ b$ P! C5 } ]' M* U- xmso-font-kerning:0pt">": s9 H1 K1 o$ f2 r/ |+ {font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
" ^6 X3 y" }7 ~! t1 o6 a7 omso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">睡虫歪解：诗歌三百篇，用一句话来掩盖，就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女，女想男，教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊，就说，人家的思想是很纯洁的。2 C. o8 _" A) A5 V! R" y% n
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! V w( F) r" T& d7 qTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗歌三百篇，用一句话来掩盖，就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女，女想男，教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊，就说，人家的思想是很纯洁的。2 D% \3 l: R+ o* hmso-font-kerning:0pt">——, Z( ^1 ]1 Z1 p+ I2 J# P6 \font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;- |0 r p* v- I6 d. _8 `
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% \. v8 D0 _' E! tmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">。诗经确有许多歌颂男女爱情的作品，那时的社会风气是开化的，孔子的思想也是开化的。这种风气被改变，是后来的事。不可用后人的标准衡量前人。“我把贾老得罪了”2 b+ K4 D& G; [
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) x& w) t' y2 O+ B* I* N" N2 ?3 dmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">开个玩笑，没关系的。; G O' g0 P' U( m: [8 W" n
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3 N$ u( L; U8 T/ R1 Ymso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观、可以群，可以怨。8 |4 S0 \5 ~2 H0 G: F& q! W8 pmso-font-kerning:0pt">”. Q! n8 n4 F: ^2 Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;/ M# F4 j4 C* N# l; R0 `/ T
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">学诗的作用就在于( F+ M2 q M' V: ^4 Z! d; m) E
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8 ]3 X4 k$ W* T4 Rmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">观% l+ g$ s( p$ |4 [
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# T, ~1 M; u* T4 _mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以激发人的兴致，培养想象力；所谓8 i6 Y6 d" y; S6 ?# |3 nmso-font-kerning:0pt">“( D# O R* y& X i* ^
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& c7 @0 M* I/ B# M' cmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以多识鸟兽草木等大自然之物，提高观察力；所谓; m/ G/ y9 s/ {: U" i8 f
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗还可以锻炼/ s: O8 k8 O/ x( g7 bmso-font-kerning:0pt">“, L% l1 v% p1 h4 Q% hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;6 F: r' u5 l8 c: a9 p; l% q; n* a
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">八佾》）的胸襟和品格，抒发心中之怨，而又能% ?) c' i3 ?) ]
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">论语集注》），恰到好处，合乎中道。总之，学诗可以使人% k9 P4 b' X' }* }- d w% E+ V
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7 A# l9 @) k3 B+ \7 S2 GTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">继续歪解啊：群呢，就是说物以类聚，大家有共同的审美和爱好，对诗经有雷同的见解，于是呢，就找到好朋友了。所谓怨呢，就是说看到诗经里写的这么美好的事物人物，会生出点点怨气，怨自己为什么没有诗经这么美好的生活，从而激发斗志。) r: p* l0 L2 Q4 U! }6 z! Hmso-font-kerning:0pt">' u5 p- a. I6 B+ w
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">智者见智，淫者见淫。有道理9 ?! n, [! }' k" F
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7 P: L/ v* _* p1 y$ D9 O4 mTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨，是否也指怨刺，有着对社会的不满和抨击，比如《硕鼠》《伐檀》等等/ \* V% Q, _+ J" i' Q& n" l
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; H% n7 N0 C5 ~5 e' l7 ATahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是啊，大家看看习总的语言风格，文学素养深厚，值得学习。
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