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今日下午，《论语札记》作者贾陆英老师继续在老秘网QQ群“重温经典读书会”组织大家学习讨论《论语》为政篇第2章。有贾老师的热心授课，我们的重温经典读书会已名副其实了。昨天老秘网新开了“公文写作合议庭”版块，也期待大家积极参与。这里，老猫把今日的聊天记录整理如下：
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">各位好，星期一下午有事未到，让大家久等了。特致歉意。今天下午，我们学习讨论《论语》为政篇第: O& [" b2 ~/ `2 nmso-font-kerning:0pt">23 U. o& j! O% c. Y" ]0 Ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;9 X5 V0 {6 B9 X# W
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">子曰：: O1 l h$ W1 L, Gmso-font-kerning:0pt">"0 @) k% L$ E6 ^. y" t1 Z
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6 |; ?( @+ W" F6 |mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰：思无邪。' c5 v. E }- S5 _& j) Dmso-font-kerning:0pt">"
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" T; W' l8 V- yTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百：《诗经》实有三百零五篇，三百只是举其整数。' U8 j: l7 M$ g. H9 [
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">：概括。思无邪：《诗经/ ^" [6 _1 K# `- L/ }% S2 e: [mso-font-kerning:0pt">•: q* |& h4 j0 C3 afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
, H: T8 n5 c! v! {1 y7 O9 G! gmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">鲁颂1 S: k* B4 v' ` [; T- @& S
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7 G/ ~& \$ m- umso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">駧》》上的一句话。原文的思字是语助词，孔子借用这句话把思作思想讲。无邪：纯正，没有邪念。4 w7 b: A( p9 G& z+ s
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》三百篇，用一句话来概括它，就是9 `9 Z8 b9 n* i( ^
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">问：孔子为什么极为重视诗教？$ t# c; ?$ x: s0pt">
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6 ^0 J" ~6 S; oTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">答：本章是孔子对《诗经》精神的概括。孔子曾经说过，吾道一以贯之，指出他的学说有一个贯穿其中的基本精神，读书学习，重要的是要把握这个基本精神。一言以蔽之，就是一以贯之的意思， S' @/ G2 f# @" p* g ~mso-font-kerning:0pt">"6 E6 ], l- Z6 n* a( k! Qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;6 l W: I) b. C6 c8 R$ b2 P
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+ D: a+ N& _- N9 R" a$ d) s6 Cmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">就是贯穿于诗经三百篇中的核心精神。 Y! m2 }7 L3 J+ c0 o( ^1 f7 X
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y' v, A5 s+ \* Y: L/ mmso-font-kerning:0pt">兴于诗、立于礼、成于乐. F3 E c: D0 Q7 a0 ?10.5pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">”6 S$ R% O9 p, K# m) e1 m
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/ K0 T6 j1 H/ P, l+ qmso-font-kerning:0pt">泰伯》），兴于诗，强调诗的教育之重要，所兴的是人的情感。立于礼，礼教的目的是使人在社会上立足。成于乐，乐教的目的是使这种! j* J, i0 D7 F8 _9 {$ g0 rmso-font-kerning:0pt">“8 u6 ?6 I' T0 U1 g; K9 ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;; |7 F4 O; z, I' s
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9 N% j! R% F8 hmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">最终得以完成。古人讲的6 o5 a$ X3 ^: J: ~& Y6 D7 D1 C3 ?% t1 _
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，包括音乐、舞蹈、诗歌等等，诗歌是运用有节律、有韵律的语言反映生活、抒发情感的文学体裁，孔子认为，就教化的功能而言，* [$ j! L" p7 t6 r" b
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0 u# m' s: S( |/ ]mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是一个人品德养成、人性完善的最高层次。! E6 e- R* V' P) ^6 n
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》是中国最早的一部诗歌总集，经孔子删订，收有从西周初年到春秋中叶的诗歌6 \! k9 @; \% Z5 c X
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m0 J' a, @2 j; q9 c' ~ }mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">篇。孔子特别重视3 c1 ?. R4 ^8 V$ w3 S2 emso-font-kerning:0pt">“; P6 S% T0 @. i' _( O5 w) _
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: d- \3 L6 l# H9 ?) A/ [mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗* b& |" H* q" f) T) N6 bmso-font-kerning:0pt">”' L' E( i B: c$ T$ pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
0 A9 {4 J! \- J2 B( Hmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">对于人格完善的重要作用，他说：. j! A S# y5 J1 xmso-font-kerning:0pt">“3 O t+ C& D" d1 g w
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$ G5 {/ O+ e# X4 T+ A) Emso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">不学诗，无以言。5 u. [5 n+ g2 b" L ^
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: k3 ]# ?; ]% w3 I8 f2 Rmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语) F0 L5 g0 O" E- p9 _' o3 m% d1 Qmso-font-kerning:0pt">•+ M3 |, Z0 s% g- _& T7 d" Qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
! `% j3 R, ^' v/ gmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">季氏》）0 ]+ ?2 ~% Z# l: `) b3 \mso-font-kerning:0pt">“6 K o6 }' B. v7 Rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
) a4 l7 b- r: k8 v2 `+ amso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观，可以群，可以怨。迩之事父，远之事君；多识于鸟兽草木之名。, h9 z3 G" W1 `# s' T2 ~& v$ ?
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# J0 C E: e& l3 S- M) t& j5 E" bmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语8 _9 I8 x5 A1 c( [: G. F
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; H& L6 ]+ ] i! ]5 w3 f8 `mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">阳货》）由此可见，孔子重视《诗经》的教育，一是在于学习《诗》的语言和文化知识，二是通过. n# N) t( I# N) ^mso-font-kerning:0pt">“( ~" `, L2 l" a, lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;- ]1 J! R. q1 k/ l0 }0 m% S$ o2 d
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">兴、观、群、怨) F1 `: a, R" V# k8 O, [: amso-font-kerning:0pt">”* P5 B0 x5 _1 W2 ?/ F
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">陶冶人的情操，并对弟子进行事父、事君等政治思想教育，使人+ C8 M: t+ D/ m, | `
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% p. q9 B$ a. `$ A( Y5 smso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，遐思而纯正，宁静而致远。& H8 r( H/ q8 Z& i2 j4 c$ h) Kmso-font-kerning:0pt"> 9 A8 N' b+ e# x; h' R+ H; w
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, c3 A. I$ }9 r8 aTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰：思无邪。( D& A+ Q1 c3 {7 a
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">睡虫歪解：诗歌三百篇，用一句话来掩盖，就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女，女想男，教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊，就说，人家的思想是很纯洁的。1 m4 F- g/ g4 q& Xmso-font-kerning:0pt"> % Q! S0 X, q/ z# N8 e+ w
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4 C( s" N5 l+ ~Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗歌三百篇，用一句话来掩盖，就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女，女想男，教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊，就说，人家的思想是很纯洁的。; `$ a1 r4 }4 `) u" }
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! E% l0 _# m$ k- v. E7 Smso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">此乃* r) M6 a1 D5 M5 M T! L3 c
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">。诗经确有许多歌颂男女爱情的作品，那时的社会风气是开化的，孔子的思想也是开化的。这种风气被改变，是后来的事。不可用后人的标准衡量前人。“我把贾老得罪了” E. ]$ v& _ ^2 z" [& Y: @1 b
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">开个玩笑，没关系的。; [3 U9 u9 N# R
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观、可以群，可以怨。+ R" R0 A) _9 G3 e% R0 n0 z7 `
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4 S$ S5 h4 a9 T& R6 Z" mmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">学诗的作用就在于8 L6 m: F! N" b4 l) {mso-font-kerning:0pt">“2 s8 }2 ]6 [5 {. U$ f* V% |font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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1 `* w7 W D: f J e' Xmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨5 \5 v6 V; p. M2 w' z+ A0 dmso-font-kerning:0pt">”, z4 P' v2 G9 W. Z4 b4 p3 q8 vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;8 O$ [: v4 C+ F9 G( @7 b3 r% J! s
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">四个字。所谓" Q, g6 ^+ B( V8 m) vmso-font-kerning:0pt">“5 v8 {8 c& ^8 Z! z3 v4 Q* w( ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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1 [7 Y/ [: F: hmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以激发人的兴致，培养想象力；所谓1 H( K: r `3 o5 _, F4 d5 K
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以多识鸟兽草木等大自然之物，提高观察力；所谓7 ~7 _! j% M B& Z4 y' x4 Kmso-font-kerning:0pt">“/ l2 v/ I+ U' z$ E& Lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以涵养温柔敦厚的性情，提高在群体中生活的能力；所谓; J% n4 R2 n' j; x/ Hmso-font-kerning:0pt">“6 S! A! Z+ [! R' A n5 m
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗还可以锻炼6 {) d y: j' T% W v7 V7 e' v: Imso-font-kerning:0pt">“1 p8 `0 B3 n( S0 n# i m2 vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma; |$ _& C* @1 `. f* V, l
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">乐而不淫、哀而不伤 {: t# x$ T/ K: Lmso-font-kerning:0pt">”, b/ g' \% [8 \3 [font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;+ |; S z* w3 N! Z
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语/ H2 ]( c+ M i' s2 |" {
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6 n3 l X& z1 l9 zmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">八佾》）的胸襟和品格，抒发心中之怨，而又能4 C$ o) N ?( x* E8 [4 amso-font-kerning:0pt">“" g, S7 j) I6 T5 O8 Q# c3 V
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">论语集注》），恰到好处，合乎中道。总之，学诗可以使人, a; H( p3 h$ ]9 Y; ~' ~/ e9 M
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">思无邪* }* D; M$ `- y* V; N( D; ]
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语1 m$ w6 \2 X1 z) o" X$ Q! Smso-font-kerning:0pt">.5 ^% B/ h1 J$ v# a! Q- Q2 B8 P: L4 V
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">为政》），遐思而纯正，宁静而致远。: X+ B* a. ~8 h+ ?5 r8 s! a
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">继续歪解啊：群呢，就是说物以类聚，大家有共同的审美和爱好，对诗经有雷同的见解，于是呢，就找到好朋友了。所谓怨呢，就是说看到诗经里写的这么美好的事物人物，会生出点点怨气，怨自己为什么没有诗经这么美好的生活，从而激发斗志。; O5 j) a7 o% E* v1 }
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">大家是做文秘工作的，写文章，也需要提高文学素养，如能恰到好处地引用几句诗词、名言警句，定会使文稿熠熠生辉。否则，干巴巴的，没有文彩，读之无味。# o& K0 J' R5 ?. ~% |mso-font-kerning:0pt"> - y3 Z; |' u: M* B8 U" H% d; \
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# y3 T, L) L7 h" e& c( { S* Imso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是的，不但文稿晦暗，而且说服力弱7 R; s2 ^" i0 V ^0 q6 j
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">我们领导基本把稿子中的诗句都略掉，不读，也许在正式场合没有习总的温柔劲吧 j( q! o8 k7 j, Bmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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7 q& ]6 X& x/ T h5 _' iTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨，是否也指怨刺，有着对社会的不满和抨击，比如《硕鼠》《伐檀》等等+ F! B' E" e" z6 r( J @mso-font-kerning:0pt"> + f9 y3 y* n6 G8 q
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是啊，大家看看习总的语言风格，文学素养深厚，值得学习。
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