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今日下午，《论语札记》作者贾陆英老师继续在老秘网QQ群“重温经典读书会”组织大家学习讨论《论语》为政篇第2章。有贾老师的热心授课，我们的重温经典读书会已名副其实了。昨天老秘网新开了“公文写作合议庭”版块，也期待大家积极参与。这里，老猫把今日的聊天记录整理如下：
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- T+ b) r9 B2 C" S1 DTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">各位好，星期一下午有事未到，让大家久等了。特致歉意。今天下午，我们学习讨论《论语》为政篇第& o/ n! k4 e( s: y* a" Rmso-font-kerning:0pt">2; _4 n, u4 R9 h6 H' D
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; i7 ]! U$ u. C2 r5 c- ymso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">子曰：9 { w0 K1 E- Q2 fmso-font-kerning:0pt">"! c }$ `' C! H8 S5 ^# R% i
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰：思无邪。7 D0 r9 P, b5 \' v' ~$ d# F1 [
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百：《诗经》实有三百零五篇，三百只是举其整数。 u( N- q4 X4 Z( } B' Y8 w5 ?9 S9 y, t
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6 G, B' ]( L3 B, ] K) {mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">：概括。思无邪：《诗经0 d, l8 Z' P4 t4 wmso-font-kerning:0pt">•2 Q, L' ?0 ~) u" f X& D7 ~* _
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">駧》》上的一句话。原文的思字是语助词，孔子借用这句话把思作思想讲。无邪：纯正，没有邪念。4 y5 `, o: y/ I/ [
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0 G1 m+ d: H/ p+ V$ fTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">孔子说：) N- Z m" p+ f; B2 C% F- j+ f- g
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) G8 t- X5 ]* m: `* z+ j8 d y Amso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》三百篇，用一句话来概括它，就是 D, p7 E; `; @) v+ {: x+ i0pt">‘4 N: B. q6 c- I7 DTahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;
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3 H, R- k* S' ETahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">问：孔子为什么极为重视诗教？1 L+ P7 |7 f" C8 j2 r8 i1 h0pt">
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">答：本章是孔子对《诗经》精神的概括。孔子曾经说过，吾道一以贯之，指出他的学说有一个贯穿其中的基本精神，读书学习，重要的是要把握这个基本精神。一言以蔽之，就是一以贯之的意思，7 w( T& D9 r/ W F" i! o$ {! b
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">就是贯穿于诗经三百篇中的核心精神。8 }7 L8 ]3 k% B$ Amso-font-kerning:0pt">
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/ R, F2 ? z! H3 ~0 l7 H7 Pmso-font-kerning:0pt">泰伯》），兴于诗，强调诗的教育之重要，所兴的是人的情感。立于礼，礼教的目的是使人在社会上立足。成于乐，乐教的目的是使这种, P5 B/ }+ Y+ y9 \9 w9 omso-font-kerning:0pt">“, W% n% K6 |# |! c; {: l+ ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">最终得以完成。古人讲的6 |! D! j r( O8 W2 N" \3 emso-font-kerning:0pt">“9 O& ^6 F1 ?, n( T6 v0 `font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;8 O2 t) P0 ~2 h% [1 g* T. c6 F
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，包括音乐、舞蹈、诗歌等等，诗歌是运用有节律、有韵律的语言反映生活、抒发情感的文学体裁，孔子认为，就教化的功能而言，1 Q) H0 e1 {+ q, }4 F( {5 A& {' Y
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! w9 L# f2 O G3 jTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》是中国最早的一部诗歌总集，经孔子删订，收有从西周初年到春秋中叶的诗歌" e7 R, H6 G6 U$ `# t! `7 ]2 {mso-font-kerning:0pt">3055 |" H2 F9 I8 R& G! Sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
; S5 G& z7 R; Y2 pmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">篇。孔子特别重视' i9 z8 e$ a$ Q& Xmso-font-kerning:0pt">“$ I7 N: f: @0 X' ~# }* C: ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
% R) E! T7 U9 jmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗. M; w* R8 l5 L" m. H2 b
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' J/ x/ p R! {2 }' \2 I* jmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">对于人格完善的重要作用，他说：, Y& j: y) r& ` L8 |# W1 Q
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">不学诗，无以言。+ k3 o: p+ Q4 Emso-font-kerning:0pt">”/ O7 e5 c( c2 _- Q* |2 ?3 A$ n
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语: ~7 J+ ^# u) G
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8 o/ u& j# L( G, [% e/ ymso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">季氏》）( l; M+ b+ b6 Z1 X/ L1 Qmso-font-kerning:0pt">“" h" O( @2 P/ I/ \! Efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
( s& y- z6 V1 amso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观，可以群，可以怨。迩之事父，远之事君；多识于鸟兽草木之名。$ K+ {6 h x, e9 M; R+ o, [9 Zmso-font-kerning:0pt">”5 g+ X& m0 @8 ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
6 i N! r9 g) N2 bmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语% \4 f: _. B. U( c1 G! F
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5 k7 I( D% p) u) q- @ hmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">阳货》）由此可见，孔子重视《诗经》的教育，一是在于学习《诗》的语言和文化知识，二是通过" d, m, U: ^8 y$ A+ r8 U+ ~
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+ A k) V3 e& Zmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">兴、观、群、怨0 x7 w6 Q( ?$ r) smso-font-kerning:0pt">”$ I& K0 ?" l& f/ u h9 j" \
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">陶冶人的情操，并对弟子进行事父、事君等政治思想教育，使人) q* u! u: }. y: h( w9 smso-font-kerning:0pt">“8 \& |4 F* i0 w9 s/ s6 ]& zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;% v4 t* U+ J/ M' f! a: ~ n
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">思无邪2 K' G( ~& j* X7 j' D% pmso-font-kerning:0pt">”& ]. S7 z! \; U9 R7 Bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
$ }, }8 f0 b; B& V# Y t" a omso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，遐思而纯正，宁静而致远。4 i% o( R) y& j; B# r' a# b# e q
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">不学诗，无以言。7 ~. d% y6 o1 p& i. D" q) n
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">睡虫歪解：诗歌三百篇，用一句话来掩盖，就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女，女想男，教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊，就说，人家的思想是很纯洁的。0 _2 u$ |9 j1 K7 R% r! ?
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- _. z$ c6 [. u" J2 hTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗歌三百篇，用一句话来掩盖，就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女，女想男，教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊，就说，人家的思想是很纯洁的。; w( _3 ^0 Z ^- m& e
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">。诗经确有许多歌颂男女爱情的作品，那时的社会风气是开化的，孔子的思想也是开化的。这种风气被改变，是后来的事。不可用后人的标准衡量前人。“我把贾老得罪了”2 ]# w/ u! R' Q1 T% lmso-font-kerning:0pt">——9 O, k5 r3 C2 s3 l: |3 u' U$ @
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">开个玩笑，没关系的。! s4 I4 h S% R4 p
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6 |) P1 R: y3 [6 Fmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观、可以群，可以怨。4 E# ^1 m3 |# `
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">学诗的作用就在于- g, _! u3 B7 c" p
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">四个字。所谓, G {+ F8 |! v3 T( s6 m
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以激发人的兴致，培养想象力；所谓& s M$ R- U; e9 k6 d* Nmso-font-kerning:0pt">“7 @: k! m4 Z4 J/ P4 ^font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;4 `7 r& f, H+ b5 V7 w
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5 b7 j5 M# W6 l* Vmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以多识鸟兽草木等大自然之物，提高观察力；所谓' N( t: S3 i% Vmso-font-kerning:0pt">“5 X: C3 h% |: R! Yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;4 h* A3 t8 t5 y2 u, {
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以涵养温柔敦厚的性情，提高在群体中生活的能力；所谓+ V/ D& Z1 g* x' ^3 D* X5 Gmso-font-kerning:0pt">“. T9 m9 D% i g/ `font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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2 {: V1 ?3 _4 V+ |: W/ pmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">论语集注》），恰到好处，合乎中道。总之，学诗可以使人/ h0 B9 g& O# V7 P1 X! Smso-font-kerning:0pt">“( `! q. s/ z' a- @- ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;% A% x3 {, Q% P5 c
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">继续歪解啊：群呢，就是说物以类聚，大家有共同的审美和爱好，对诗经有雷同的见解，于是呢，就找到好朋友了。所谓怨呢，就是说看到诗经里写的这么美好的事物人物，会生出点点怨气，怨自己为什么没有诗经这么美好的生活，从而激发斗志。2 H0 p; Z+ E" L8 ^% T1 a/ T- H$ Jmso-font-kerning:0pt">% C0 b' _5 u- d/ G' l9 a; Dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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% _( I& J8 N5 C) HTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">大家是做文秘工作的，写文章，也需要提高文学素养，如能恰到好处地引用几句诗词、名言警句，定会使文稿熠熠生辉。否则，干巴巴的，没有文彩，读之无味。- K# v# }0 t9 i* h2 c, E5 x2 v7 [0 c
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