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漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

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见习秘书  发表于 2015-1-5 13:23:16 |阅读模式 打印 上一主题 下一主题
 
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6 t9 M! F2 b8 F8 H! n/ rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, 1 j4 M# l* T- m8 z8 z- ?1 |宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, 7 _$ Q* M& h6 L" B0 @' ? font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% P8 z; n+ q3 y+ O! |4 j "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, 9 e( P% }' L1 U9 P1 l) d+ L 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,. C7 G1 r, L6 H8 h/ d, B. l! B$ ]! U font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 K# G: y% V/ d- T+ ^3 c# ~1 F0 V"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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1 q0 V4 E6 t% L/ g) U* vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, 6 \1 _ B2 p1 h( J3 c 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, - q) g t7 Z: lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) ~3 }. ]7 T" _ "Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, 0 ~. E, @3 d2 f, Q. {/ q z* }0 u4 d# i mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, ) [! D" `& N! b6 V 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, . m) }; L, }2 \font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 d3 i6 W7 l3 Q9 ? "Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, 9 q% z0 N8 w+ |; s5 \9 smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, " c& N+ @# c: c" x- n k P宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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6 V; ^; t4 j! {1 O2 v 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因,, u7 ^# D! b9 @2 x: \; W ) e5 f' Q& }4 f8 y* ?font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " ?7 n5 J- i* Q0 u% j3 K# h# W"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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5 U) z& H4 ]* F* K mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, ' ~* @1 t% A: K4 q+ C2 j9 D* u. [' r宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ ; P+ g( H5 w1 g0 [$ W2 f宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” $ L9 f9 o- V3 h# A3 S/ ?# ` 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ 2 z( f5 e6 Y! v% L; a 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” 1 X" o; d( ]( p1 ]' w$ c 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, 7 k5 m9 w: _5 C- r. p4 ] font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, ~* P+ u7 @2 q: [7 R "Times New Roman"">前者为因, ; C, h. R3 s+ c, h( Y4 ?! _! A mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, 9 e& i) h, Q! S9 E6 Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 E- _) w$ s7 n. U; D& B" ^"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,/ x' M+ H- p$ g% q( v 9 Y# d+ C2 n _/ Z, cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, 4 C& Q7 D1 E% h" h& Q* [ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, : J9 u3 u$ f6 \0 a# e2 H* L- R7 Q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / H9 A# w3 n! _0 j! n"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, 0 n" X2 S" P' s5 \. i/ n9 k 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: 8 \+ X+ }6 n2 Ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * _! N' z9 D: X \( E/ C F"Times New Roman"">“ 1 R& }2 C9 w" Q% @ L! X mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? , W z2 P: H% e; A 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” ( N$ J3 w% O" G宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, # K# L* c% b, L7 F* [font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - g% C A, Z% v& x ^2 b+ @"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: 5 C+ R. J8 V6 r2 {$ k* v5 b7 L. ^. _3 i( Zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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5 m* Z {& M" P0 p' D0 G# A' dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 6 E `3 c$ }1 ^ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, ; j: H! q4 q- G! ?4 l6 d- j. C font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / h9 X9 p* A5 ~3 a"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,$ f8 B0 \% ?8 {! a# `* u$ ?& P + m P P- Q6 h2 u8 \mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, / M+ ?7 `$ ~' ]& m! x0 Kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' e7 i* |. N( a( n* I0 f"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, 9 t$ z8 C. `& Z mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 $ s; @3 B9 y$ h: x& }5 v mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里! ^. v) m2 O5 t( Y7 O: dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 # e% a; g: f, u: i mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(" | }2 A1 d6 G 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), & R6 P& o+ S: ~font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:. t' O& d; K1 p2 l "Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用( \& k9 j, h6 `9 }: t9 _ |1 \ C12.0pt">, " p& w' I9 \+ `5 W$ z# b& o6 `% A "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, ) A3 i& o/ i [1 _! [ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & `) }/ U9 ?2 ["Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, % r" } Q4 @' B/ q1 | mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!4 O$ ?6 E% i# _" g宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, " R) U- m; ^) `/ S+ C( r( |0 Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:( E, g% d0 x$ o- K% w- ^ "Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: 5 M4 a: @* u H. F mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, - @6 j/ z7 c/ ?( e( n+ j宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, / |3 ~$ j E9 K( c$ c font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:4 D9 |# d' O; L; ] "Times New Roman"">“ * U: o' S- r* }! t. }- U$ |9 w mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”7 X8 F% J: @3 o4 w; [ 12.0pt"> 4 T+ L5 p: T; c9 r1 g7 \5 k"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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" I- q5 ~3 B2 N/ _! t! h& U mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, * D2 r! m, ?, {- p宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, # ^% w( E- ^( _: M2 Xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( ?7 E6 D; u( m) s1 a3 c8 K. V" z"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 5 W( v, \: E. t& G6 b+ k. fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, . m+ _( W7 N% k. s宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, ; n* S- ]$ G/ W. \5 Qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:' A+ j. V6 B$ A/ J. X "Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ 7 @* C6 y, L" g0 V! R4 Z, h mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” % D7 d' q# e% r: s) L: A 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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& h' {$ @" \9 I( U" I, m 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣,: v; G/ K8 Z8 b' B5 n: p4 I7 P. p , A8 i, S5 v: n+ X" { font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ j& _2 B9 u! u( [3 o "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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5 g6 x5 b* U$ o: V; W' a' X; { mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, 8 @4 R) N# Z4 B- S9 E 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, # b# h3 |, m3 D* a/ S3 r4 ^ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:* Y! J3 Z7 @# X: W4 d "Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素,, N1 K) _! j& m: \2 C' J3 K8 w 1 @5 i5 N4 |. L4 [1 mmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, " C, r% [3 ?: M* K font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : w( Y- {6 O1 z- J"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,3 i9 Q5 M, t# K+ P8 [宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, 7 J" c/ [4 k. A( pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 r8 [6 Z' r( I ?' ^& Q. g+ ]) h"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题! h1 k( p5 K! I 12.0pt">: 4 _, \( _" e8 h9 y0 c* @+ \ "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: 1 z( v& M/ X7 n9 X3 W6 s8 ^: pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " T5 f. f- X1 N# I; z! V1 k& k"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才1 M( H. i- `; b$ `6 N9 P6 n' _ 12.0pt">, ) Q& d2 v. T/ e$ F9 ] "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, 7 `3 \; r, E% z2 _5 |font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:4 c0 J4 W1 s6 F7 L5 a "Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; $ P0 A) d- Y7 M" d3 k; @8 q$ _mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, 0 U2 ^; @, h: b+ P" q6 x3 C% `- ?3 m宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, & ~) X6 b2 t: m4 pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 4 ]' D ~3 a$ r* c"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题3 s2 R3 w; y$ w5 \) r3 B* y! g' v 12.0pt">; 1 u# p* i I+ X "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, 6 p& Y+ Q8 O; n font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( R( d, ?* T5 `2 J"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求, e+ D% c4 z# m% U* O 12.0pt">: * T8 Z l2 e; F* `"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; 5 b; G! S2 a* [6 h7 b font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:. h c/ F1 T& C "Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, & k/ _4 ?- h- A7 Z5 A- _ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 9 A0 \+ y1 I2 C+ X* V! b font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:9 ~( i" |$ F& g+ I5 l q "Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统7 f% e3 v3 L: t( i0 W; K/ l$ n 12.0pt">:

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% C, B& h! e: S6 r. w 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, ' P d4 K |. Y3 V& i5 [4 B5 ]% ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:( F' [( O; ^5 r( _0 v5 @ "Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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2 x$ b7 ^. K q; g$ kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, 7 ^0 a4 M5 [& s' q0 }5 c M5 k% Gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( E9 r9 n0 x: h, I' X0 b$ x& e"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, 6 i0 g k9 ?2 Q. z, V宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, + r% _3 W- d$ V: dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: E* I2 H8 B( I, G "Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,' r: U4 ?8 k) d$ B2 ? ' ^" B9 v5 l. y6 vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, , o3 j) ]9 {9 V+ yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) H( E3 ` P' f/ P+ a "Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, 3 O) T# @, r7 \* v8 W1 K. w# Pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, / H; F; h& w1 b 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: ; L3 K- \% h( [; J4 b font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:' X; ]5 W- J/ f/ J9 s "Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, 1 f. z. _- j6 O( b9 c Z! g$ qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, 0 E; @! e, o& {5 c# O yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:0 d! m) }7 q1 v' Q9 ^ "Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, 3 J3 R2 |/ c" | F3 c( E 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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& d& m$ {" s0 ~' ]1 ^! ^( c0 }! g8 ?: S mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上," H$ {- v/ F7 w2 T* l$ P% a* Yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( Q9 S1 j ^- E8 Y' n"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定# {" J0 K% g& z* }8 k# N12.0pt">, & F. w* I$ M& y1 w0 g2 o* _9 N1 K"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, / {( G$ H) m/ P1 ~% N3 g0 D1 Lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 F# s* j3 e* `0 V3 X "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:0 }- D, T+ C+ A0 c5 }! s2 R5 V mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, - L5 R, Y6 X4 Y5 f 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, $ v* s$ R( t2 \7 W8 H3 O) a font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:" o6 b; b( `- F: z "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, 5 |. ]- _+ I: h7 [5 E* rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, 0 u) ?8 f+ Q; A9 F R! k font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:4 _9 |- o: J+ h6 X4 P" o$ ? "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: 9 i$ Z, d" r/ F8 B宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ , [9 i r5 Z9 G2 B" u 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, 8 d2 b, L( h& x, n, X) I" f2 c# Jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 V6 }! V" q$ i/ u( U" a+ s# n"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊

 
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