漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

' X& Y. p0 S) fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, ( K0 H$ _6 z' V0 I- i8 g 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, - b% n0 d* {/ |5 }font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, ' h4 I" p4 Z3 R' l 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,( F# S/ X6 {( {) z5 B( K5 Y font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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! \2 N- k8 k5 E! |: I8 o' X mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, . l w$ l4 P2 ?! [' r宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, 8 t8 ^3 I7 V& g- T% B2 }* O( lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! P; h& ~& J- \3 r"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, ) W5 X2 Y' I2 `9 ] mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, 2 K, C8 i' f: x8 T4 ` 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, ' b; o; K. f) m% A; c% N0 n& x& T font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 R0 B8 _# W7 z ~/ T- j"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, + I! y- P+ B5 z& P* P% E mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, ; i2 u9 n4 I f% K宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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2 [. G: q! @( a宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, ; u( |1 b8 \; X2 `: D$ X2 ]6 C" H6 y# w' O! D Y: R$ ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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4 ~# l& w2 A1 i1 r" l$ Y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, # ~ R+ g/ N8 G8 o* S 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ 3 Z8 Y% |# } ] e6 a& a6 I宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” & L- i; y) L9 J3 V' L; J ` 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ : F; P& P6 F- {, h) A宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” . c! y+ `$ l# a7 z5 H 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, ! N# I4 t6 z4 Q7 k! n9 P; qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">前者为因, Q; |- z u/ z6 O% S9 q5 U mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, 2 m. n$ j( @6 G2 v+ X7 Qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 f0 {0 o! p- q& w$ Y# |9 _"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, " @# a+ a* D( ~* Q) ?2 c. w6 m6 T5 Z" T% I8 z, \% o mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, / u ~8 V+ K A 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, 0 w4 C# h, U) x, K6 H font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * U+ @- a: e6 T7 I7 c, }* s( H"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, 6 W9 K8 `2 v N! h4 c 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: 5 C' a+ d* z0 m% G: R! e! [( ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) E, Y& n% A/ B) Y5 ]"Times New Roman"">“ 1 C( r7 Z9 y# ^( C mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? % q% L" U. P8 x+ p+ y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” . l# d/ j/ f- b+ u宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, ; d1 C N1 S5 n9 a0 Cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) W* g b, P1 i"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: / X" i: o5 W% h# P9 t' c+ D* R7 m& _) Tmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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- q+ B1 t1 t2 ?# v7 {8 `2 F mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 : M' D3 f7 @; l) I3 t3 q- E% I 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, 7 D2 c) U/ ^8 t+ a' Y# L4 Qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, 7 O6 R- A. s/ c B( D8 u# Y% {7 ^: }. J( e$ o+ q; X1 w mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, 7 P% m* J, w& Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, * w7 M7 H1 V; H S: ~mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 : h) d9 L+ T/ s+ | mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里/ M/ v6 M Y' k% o! Emso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 + K0 y i5 x8 i+ r1 z mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(4 I. x- L* D/ E( w 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), # x ]3 y- V' t2 ~6 N font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 P' O, S1 L6 ]"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用: z8 s$ `5 R5 s( X2 f- b0 Q t' d 12.0pt">, / ~$ L5 |& |4 |! o! O, B"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, : _, T' _9 s8 K- Z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 t/ i# C! O: [$ y"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, , X; c9 Z0 {' @mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!1 e% G3 a* u9 C8 l A: |, T 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, # M @( Q2 T/ u5 z/ T. E: ]! @ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 6 [6 X4 \+ h: c/ T, L# y1 ~"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: , g( m h, e2 Z# z/ j' g4 kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, - [- |3 X* N( p 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, $ W! J3 w4 z% P* r( u% b1 c font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">“ 2 T# Y8 W1 G9 a6 Imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”& Y9 E- ]1 Y0 r o6 C& S& N12.0pt"> # ]) s1 m% W/ I& G* Y3 W"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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% }0 C1 L. k( T$ R H mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, ! Q# o: T. `5 D* j宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, ) v3 _; Y) }6 J/ e. t font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">即果溯式, / e9 t6 t; }. [# i1 t mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, 1 U; T" g8 X, ]; k: i 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, ) c% I) R' N& t' Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ ( }( S; I: [! L mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” 9 J6 \8 \+ d/ m( Q" N宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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) Q# L' ]0 j+ ], |# E宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, % y) D1 z$ I0 a6 H/ p font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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?8 b* p% _" o' wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, , J6 L6 S$ }% F- o4 Z. p. Z0 |宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, 2 Z1 T; H, D: N+ p* E" G# h4 ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, ) l* q b7 s F6 A! K3 dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, # t7 m( e: C# w+ K- @' d, ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,* E8 W! I) L% t8 y5 c 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, 2 J# q4 H" q% A ]; h( ~0 t+ Kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题" z, j! o! s5 [. Y$ A 12.0pt">: % P9 l+ H$ P |' A. a! e3 D "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: $ d; G+ `. e1 ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : y) G4 V5 F: Y( x! ^"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才& E, z2 |2 g- u+ K- A' H; ` 12.0pt">, 1 @0 \8 I: q5 N |% J1 b"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, , v4 b. U. i' v# Y/ h+ T. mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; + P2 d( v! S b4 s `# R mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, 3 M/ A+ M7 o0 c7 S) w宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, ! O4 E# K9 n' M) E font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题6 t! P6 |* N- |$ I7 |12.0pt">; 0 D7 i5 a9 W" S"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, - i H& \. c8 Z( T/ K' A3 h sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + s9 j. X9 x# k! \1 a"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求0 V& }% a1 @$ `- d p, | 12.0pt">: 4 ^' J! s) p$ {) s/ W% z8 z" o: r "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; 1 L+ c# B) }/ ~7 H/ k/ B font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, % ^. E7 P- W3 V: W+ H mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 0 n3 N$ \$ ?0 k' Z3 y' rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' ?% s& l3 }( T"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统0 P3 }$ w5 n8 a! a" I 12.0pt">:

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2 d6 u" D7 e k8 Y# S# r8 u mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ 0 x, W6 ?6 y& d- g K K宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” + S6 }% Z; D" p g) Y; j9 Q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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2 f3 f+ T. s/ e9 I g' Q) T* m宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, 8 e3 m3 [. A5 Q4 d, ]3 P/ G( t, Y0 U* X3 z* Ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : c3 X" D& r/ q"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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4 ^) v8 }$ l+ ^; A* _4 e2 q( j mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, " }* c" Y; p% P/ A% C" X% l# C font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : z- H% L" M' G" k; p$ t+ Z8 y"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, 3 x- ~4 Q7 [# s) {9 k& V 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, ( l, i5 D4 p. y$ ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ x; ]4 x! ~8 T$ D"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, % F% ^* {1 q2 l6 G2 P- E7 j2 d! Y& i+ U; K5 w! R3 q+ ^ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, % F, m8 j% d; m6 B' `8 h font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 l1 V T- X4 ~( v5 ]"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, 8 ?/ x/ j* r i4 s% Z( d$ H mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, , v) P) G; u+ T( v9 E宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: 0 |' [2 k3 W% Q" i% w' qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, ; I# Q8 o2 }. a; V3 S. Nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, ) l1 H" g5 M5 L7 W, c' Gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & B" ]) Z! M2 N4 F"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, . b! a7 A9 S+ {* v/ g宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

 

! q: b$ ~4 z0 B6 J' k9 S( l. Y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,5 @0 h6 G, f3 u4 q- G1 L8 A4 Ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定/ D4 y1 t% v" [: N, F0 Y 12.0pt">, * Z l7 W2 f3 @, h: F"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, . \( Z5 W* M# \7 O0 E& z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 a, u. u+ C) f1 ~& c6 F! h"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:9 e9 z9 J1 _( u" [4 M- o4 @ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, ! S+ H9 w. U/ X, }# _7 U 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, , O L3 E9 Q4 j' K8 {$ M" c; X font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, 0 o8 J- q, l( z7 V7 kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, % ]: w8 j( I y3 |8 W9 Q# C7 s$ |( K font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: . p- G, v9 ?7 H: x宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ 9 p3 G) n6 \! |宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, 8 G2 N7 t. {3 @ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊