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漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

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见习秘书  发表于 2015-1-5 13:23:16 |阅读模式 打印 上一主题 下一主题
 
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2 ]' J5 ]; E& X+ m. }1 c mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, $ _, L+ Q+ ?% l# i 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, 1 I1 \) {9 q2 r. Q. @* } font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:' U% ?6 `8 Y! M) B. t1 X, L# S: m "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, u& f+ {0 g6 Q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,. M, z& }' x% ]8 N& [: E/ ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:1 a, F" e' y% l; l "Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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, z, J& Q/ f- q3 h: E* U mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, + K4 a+ {9 X" ]7 ~& {: g% c' E4 y 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, , O+ n8 }' O6 u( p) cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . Z9 K1 }1 o/ O& K* x"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题,2 O Z& G" O/ M $ d# Q! c2 j8 \ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, 0 H2 {$ j/ z/ t: y( H7 w" V 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, $ ~6 X5 K* {! c g7 c- B0 I$ Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % O/ @3 ?3 i# ]# Q& R, Z+ T' K"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, ; k* k/ W9 b5 i; nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, ; Y# O' d, e; c& e 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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/ v8 E3 V! o+ R1 @宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, ! R% Y6 D+ Y. N3 y: U) m" T" M, [% J& ~5 i font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ `* z u* p. l3 e"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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' F( B/ i2 p$ ~5 e( E# B mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, ' i" Q) q1 `/ d4 w( Q0 f! l 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ 4 B3 c9 M! u" S宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” 4 s6 U @& x" B- `' w( l: v( Y+ R 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ 5 f& v: u* P2 p. c. V& n) E* M/ R5 o 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” 4 j' r& y4 h- n( z 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, . [1 n( h/ }' v- p% G font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + V, x! I; l0 V, }"Times New Roman"">前者为因, - j. M, R1 U, C mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, 9 y' j' M! j, x font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & e9 x8 N' U* M( c+ N"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, + x" v6 R/ _% V) ^. v' U; d1 M- A9 u3 U; K+ @mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, 4 P# N+ V$ R) i& L5 ^' ? 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, " K9 A- m; o8 w' Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' f, Z0 o7 E3 k! m" ]4 D& u"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, ' {3 m5 f: O1 J j7 v宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: ! k8 W% p# b7 N0 [# v) I font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 `+ j( G% _: Q3 Z" K% g "Times New Roman"">“ ( \+ c/ z# [# v$ K6 k mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? 7 S- J7 ^) \8 g/ p4 r. l% P 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” 5 f, _5 B3 ~. N宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, 7 {7 R6 ~( C c6 s) A font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:0 Y5 b1 ]% r" R: b; ~ D, w J9 D "Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: 3 V! O# I t5 v1 J# v( N. M- n2 T, G- h% f' B* |mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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1 C: _# b( s6 a8 s mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 ' z( q( R) ]7 o/ H. ] 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, " Z( d4 z# n @font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: J9 F1 k+ V: D7 N O1 p$ [, S1 P% {"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, 5 ?3 b/ k1 p( F- y. {: a( c _7 V9 Y, l4 _! n" i+ s) E( B+ H mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, I6 b0 Z/ x/ P5 O/ h2 Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & R6 x) `# \/ u6 e+ Y4 Z"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, ( i% Z w. a5 {2 E) g# l6 P2 \: imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 4 }5 T/ H' y! z6 E. K; k mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里# k9 ]3 M3 h( b' x2 I3 qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 % c5 i5 K8 t- d8 H mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(9 Y' f4 {! n6 n 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), ( Z; d# w' j8 A9 t6 x l7 [9 l font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " L& m/ o- Y: m& {, B"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用! t5 f6 {/ D& V# c& q/ a* v12.0pt">, 8 }2 t. |( Z; j3 ~' u. W1 | "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, ) l( _9 S3 E% a5 X3 o8 |6 T# v+ j font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ ^& G8 }5 N0 C; l$ M2 { "Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, . F' R" E! }5 o) s) e, E4 D6 B mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!6 k6 P) q( b' Q; b6 e& X- ~ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, ' R" A( w# X/ v/ E$ \ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ x0 L. u5 T: W) J. ]& ]0 p "Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: 2 y: d& j/ G( i% B% F3 e) l5 Q mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, 2 @' H, ^% f- ?# H5 m4 @宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, + y* X% a9 o* l2 Ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : K" U& v+ ?5 @" Q8 k4 \ w"Times New Roman"">“ : w! A# l) }. C! d mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”( o! M7 X7 x8 H" f% \' C9 e 12.0pt"> / E+ Z$ z. `% F4 i"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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! h" T+ F2 |* ^6 W I mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, ' h' \# h$ K4 v# N' g- U宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, ; E. M! x0 J$ _7 tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ c% K j" s+ J: g"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 6 l/ H, B4 y* w4 I9 Fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, : @9 E& K$ O" ?/ Y/ I 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, , x/ E" r. I6 I font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 D7 r: m5 z2 s( a! w"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ 7 S, t( D3 C5 p" c- n; @# g4 Zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” " H$ V/ {3 [' N4 W宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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' w2 A3 P. ], T: D 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣,& Y, r8 L5 `$ G0 B( M: N2 Q! g e $ t X+ r Q0 i+ g; g& ^$ f7 H6 C font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:- y1 X4 `3 L9 {0 r% H" y "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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0 p7 ~6 R2 T6 h* n$ e- Ymso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, 3 q2 |% N- Q1 `6 w; p 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, : N% e6 T K7 q/ J* Jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, p+ J, R0 m, ?! l "Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素,! c6 S5 V; S& c" Z9 S . c' A& m F7 x9 A8 c3 w* |mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, * w3 g. }+ G( t% q9 Q& ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 t1 B% R0 c7 X) d7 X! x1 e7 K2 ]"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,0 p) H; @7 X6 F8 K( U3 T6 A% d宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, - B% Q! J5 ?" X0 F4 y: Sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:9 v( b! ?% W7 d0 O1 L! b) }/ l "Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题: R8 i6 ^( t+ z/ ^ 12.0pt">: + X5 }8 J. I3 R5 s"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: 0 H: e" k. [" K" \' k+ hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( N& D i c7 e& r5 w/ P' W2 J"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才1 k, e& i- w9 B8 L7 s1 H/ S 12.0pt">, " D$ J1 ]- V7 F"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, - M0 q* ^" N( _7 v! {& J, F7 A font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ @# e- Q8 s) c5 v"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; $ H6 V1 f1 {- Z) \$ I6 \mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, . [, n# `6 m ^1 R宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, : l4 y- b9 A! D f font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . C$ Z) @' V9 k! k) o2 U( G7 M"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题' u; _ [5 ~6 X/ v$ b P12.0pt">; 1 K8 V9 r0 I8 Z"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, 4 E4 _1 t7 ~6 W6 m- k/ xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:' y9 B0 l7 A% k4 f5 x7 U3 a8 T "Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求1 \. Q1 L+ V9 E* Z: B/ p 12.0pt">: . E0 Y+ H2 L, I! g9 @"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; & f/ U( ^' Q0 h2 I font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:" M$ Y; Z* m8 H; b, I "Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, $ o" s# Z+ j) p/ w4 H/ L. T/ K& _- omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, - L6 J( h I ^. n' E8 g# t( [font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 4 _1 w* V7 G/ Y9 l$ l$ V"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统1 s/ U4 ?) L; B8 D* I 12.0pt">:

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: T# V1 i" g0 h% n* Y( w! {mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ 3 N! u i. \; j- F宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” 7 p. b4 |' ]8 Z; K 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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- T9 h8 Q9 a& y" ?, a! X宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, 4 V7 b5 i5 j. N- K: ?3 X: g% [4 R; f, W* v; T font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 4 I# Q5 e% |. b"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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; X2 S- r5 V' F7 G5 ]; S8 m0 J2 j0 R mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, , E, K/ g0 s8 l1 L; `font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ g3 J7 T! n! F, S' I; C, X "Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, 6 t' o0 e5 p A2 i* x 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, 4 g) X9 m; I: bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: S$ H9 g- C2 X5 X( I$ x* n9 N"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, 2 O) a" q5 H7 O8 C- o7 B# s9 f( Y# F \% B) _9 j9 n mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, " z% {0 O/ C/ v8 ]" [! } font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - ?' R0 A, T/ Y" @' [, ]7 t5 V, k"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, - k# ~7 |: \3 R mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, & F! ~, J5 l1 a2 Z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: ( R0 S$ G! Y0 A! u0 F5 I; k/ b1 Q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:1 g/ o- e( H: i; i" S "Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, 9 X) y a' m# v; b: hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, . V( r" e' f4 W6 C font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) Z, e" y6 D2 e# E5 C: k2 E7 e "Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, - H9 P- G9 Q8 u; q" o宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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- y( h' h/ b b6 ?2 Zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,: H3 d/ S# k) v( G font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:" I) t! S' Y. i "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定6 i8 ?8 z+ B9 S u6 |. M) b2 C. @3 d5 | 12.0pt">, $ a* ^5 K" \& h- A; a) ?2 o "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, & [" d8 h4 j/ X* e6 lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 }8 i/ @: l# `2 d O "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:( T+ F1 M: [1 V) I! L/ e- v mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, 7 L6 C: Q( `4 V宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, ; X( g4 P8 [- V* s' K4 D# F% m# xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) ~7 M. ^" s5 \3 {' H( z "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, & N. _7 h0 p5 P- \mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, 7 k" y8 V8 y; f1 U7 |/ N, @2 t Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:6 R; E8 l* \( r8 r: Q "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: 7 k4 b4 _6 i; B/ y d+ ^宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ ! \- c8 {& |3 L w' W 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, - `+ c- Q6 x7 Z, `# Xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, j# O' k' M2 G( n0 D "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊

 
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